The 1815 Tambora eruption: Its significance to the understanding of large-explosion caldera formations

Volcanic calderas, plentiful on the Earth and the moon, have been of much interest to volcanologists because of their large dimensions and extensive volumes of ejecta. Here, we consider the dynamics of caldera-forming by major explosive eruptions, examining how the breakdown of the earth's surface is caused by violent igneous activity. This leads to the definition of “typical explosion caldera”, which is a prototype of several newly-formed calderas in the historical timescale. There are three examples of such calderas: Tambora (Sumbawa), Krakatau (Sunda Straits), and Novarupta (Alaska). Tam- bora Caldera is the best example of a well-documented, recently formed typical explosion caldera, with no significant subsequent eruptions occurring after its formation. The subsurface structure of Tambora Caldera is discussed and compared to the 1883 eruption of Krakatau, the second largest eruption in historical times. Then, contrasting with the typically basaltic “collapse-type” calderas, a “Tambora-caldera type” is defined as a large “explosion-type” caldera, that may reach up to 10 km in diameter. The Tambora- type caldera concept is useful to qualify and understand the structure and components of other major calderas in the world. Fully developed larger explosion calderas such as Aso and Aira Calderas in Kyushu, Japan are discussed and explained as composite calderas based on geophysical data. Those calderas have repeatedly ejected massive pyroclastic products causing their original structures to grow wider than 10 km.

LONG-TERM MONITORING OF THE EUROPEAN ROLLER (CORACIAS GARRULUS) IN UKRAINE: IS CLIMATE BEHIND THE CHANGES?

Since the 1980s there has been a long-term decline in numbers and contraction of range in Europe, including Ukraine. Our specific goals were to reconstruct the climatically suitable range of the species in Ukraine before the 1980s, gain better knowledge on its requirements, compare the past and current suitable areas, infer the regional and environmental variables that best explain its occurrence, and quantify the overall range change in the country. For these purposes we created a database consisting of 347 records of the roller made ever in Ukraine. We employed a species distribution modeling (SDM) approach to hindcast changes in the suitable range of the roller during historical times across Ukraine and to derive spatially explicit predictions of climatic suitability for the species under current climate. SDMs were created for three time intervals (before 1980, 1985-2009, 2010-2021) using corresponding climate data extracted from the TerraClim database. SDMs show a decline of suitable for rollers areas in the country from 85 to 46%. Several factors, including land cover and use, human population density and climate, that could have contributed to the decline of the species in Ukraine were considered. We suggest climate change and its speed (velocity) have been responsible for shaping the contemporary home range of the European roller.

LONG-TERM MONITORING OF THE EUROPEAN ROLLER (CORACIAS GARRULUS) IN UKRAINE: IS CLIMATE BEHIND THE CHANGES?

Since the 1980s there has been a long-term decline in numbers and contraction of range in Europe, including Ukraine. Our specific goals were to reconstruct the climatically suitable range of the species in Ukraine before the 1980s, gain better knowledge on its requirements, compare the past and current suitable areas, infer the regional and environmental variables that best explain its occurrence, and quantify the overall range change in the country. For these purposes we created a database consisting of 347 records of the roller made ever in Ukraine. We employed a species distribution modeling (SDM) approach to hindcast changes in the suitable range of the roller during historical times across Ukraine and to derive spatially explicit predictions of climatic suitability for the species under current climate. SDMs were created for three time intervals (before 1980, 1985-2009, 2010-2021) using corresponding climate data extracted from the TerraClim database. SDMs show a decline of suitable for rollers areas in the country from 85 to 46%. Several factors, including land cover and use, human population density and climate, that could have contributed to the decline of the species in Ukraine were considered. We suggest climate change and its speed (velocity) have been responsible for shaping the contemporary home range of the European roller. Key words: Coracias garrulus; species distribution modelling; ecological niche; climate change; velocity of climate change

Fashion Vocabulary: Borrowing, Adapting and Rethinking

Fashion is a rather significant mechanism that organizes the life of any society and regulates the social behavior of people. It subordinates not only the choice of clothing, interior, personal hygiene items, gastronomic tastes, musical preferences, but also the way of thinking, the formation of criteria for assessing the phenomena of reality. At the same time, fashion is not only a powerful social regulator, but also a significant cultural phenomenon, the study of which is of particular importance nowadays. In this context, the vocabulary of fashion is interesting, as, on the one hand, it enriches the Russian language due to the abundant borrowing of foreign words, on the other hand, it indicates how actively the Russian language adapts new names for fashion items, and demonstrates how Russian mentality and culture accept this vocabulary. In order to consider the Russian vocabulary in the sphere of fashion in all three aspects, it is important to trace the derivation of the lexical meaning of the denotations of the fashion semantic field in their connection with the historical period and the change in the native speakers way of thinking in different historical times of the country. To this end, it is necessary to turn to the etymology of the basic elements of the Russian wardrobe, identify their coherence with the gender of their owners and trace how this coherence has been changing over time, as well as analyze the ways of grammatical adaptation of borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language, and finally, note the functional specifics of the same lexemes in Russian and other donor languages.

Paetumokai : an inquiry into the social and family life of a rural town in New Zealand

This survey of Paetumokai, however, was not intended to be a complete social survey of a small town, but rather a study of all those organisations which in one way or another have a bearing upon family life. In order to obtain a clear picture of this a questionnaire was prepared and seventy families were interviewed. Before proceeding to a discussion of the methods and techniques I adopted for this survey I should like to present a brief sketch of the changes in general that have occurred in family life. The normal minimum family into which a child is born is one consisting of two parents in the special environment of a home. This environment changes and establishes a different background for each successive child. In all times of which we have legendary or historical knowledge the family has existed and has been responsible for the provision of the basic needs of its offspring - food, clothing, shelter and education. As time went on and the needs of mankind increased, the family, as a group, became involved in more and more duties and responsibilities until it became a complex organisation in which the participants filled many varied roles. Thus, in addition to providing the staple needs already mentioned, the family has provided work, education and apprenticeship, companionship, religion and social life. Such then was the pattern of the emerging family of historical times.

Paetumokai : an inquiry into the social and family life of a rural town in New Zealand

This survey of Paetumokai, however, was not intended to be a complete social survey of a small town, but rather a study of all those organisations which in one way or another have a bearing upon family life. In order to obtain a clear picture of this a questionnaire was prepared and seventy families were interviewed. Before proceeding to a discussion of the methods and techniques I adopted for this survey I should like to present a brief sketch of the changes in general that have occurred in family life. The normal minimum family into which a child is born is one consisting of two parents in the special environment of a home. This environment changes and establishes a different background for each successive child. In all times of which we have legendary or historical knowledge the family has existed and has been responsible for the provision of the basic needs of its offspring - food, clothing, shelter and education. As time went on and the needs of mankind increased, the family, as a group, became involved in more and more duties and responsibilities until it became a complex organisation in which the participants filled many varied roles. Thus, in addition to providing the staple needs already mentioned, the family has provided work, education and apprenticeship, companionship, religion and social life. Such then was the pattern of the emerging family of historical times.

James and Deleuze: Trains and Planes

This essay examines the relationship between William James’s radical empiricism and Gilles Deleuze’s transcendental empiricism by considering how dominant technologies of locomotion and travel in their respective historical times influenced their thinking and the style of their prose. Highlighting the imagery of trains and ground movement in James and planes and flight in Deleuze, I suggest that each constructs an empiricism that resonates with and reacts to the emerging forms of mass movement in his own time. The essay serves as an invitation to read James and Deleuze together with attention to the aesthetic qualities of their writing and as united in an ongoing project of honing philosophy to the pace of its time.

Whole-genomes from the extinct Xerces Blue butterfly reveal low diversity and long-term population decline

The Xerces Blue (Glaucopsyche xerces) is considered to be the first butterfly to become extinct at global scale in historical times. It was notable for its chalky lavender wings with conspicuous white spots on the ventral wings. The last individuals were collected in their restricted habitat, in the dunes near the Presidio military base in San Francisco, in 1941. To explore the demographic history of this iconic butterfly and to better understand why it went extinct, we sequenced at medium coverage the genomes of four 80 to 100-year-old Xerces Blue specimens and seven historic specimens of its closest relative, the Silvery Blue (G. lygdamus). We compared these to a novel annotated genome of the Green-Underside Blue (G. alexis). Phylogenetic relationships inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes indicate that Xerces Blue was a distinct species that diverged from the Silvery Blue lineage at least 850,000 years ago. Using nuclear genomes, we show that both species experienced population growth during the MIS 7 interglacial period, but the Xerces Blue decreased to a very low effective population size subsequently, a trend opposite to that observed in the Silvery Blue. Runs of homozygosity in the Xerces Blue were significantly greater than in the Silvery Blue, suggesting a higher incidence of inbreeding. In addition, the Xerces Blue carried a higher proportion of derived, putatively deleterious amino acid-changing alleles than the Silvery Blue. These results demonstrate that the Xerces Blue experienced more than 100 thousand years of population decline, prior to its human-induced final extinction.

Bob Dylan’s Art Concern: Semantic Acoustics of Poetic Texture

The manuscript focuses on the complex of semantic aspects associated with the development and textual evolution of Bob Dylan, the Nobel Prize winner for literature in 2016. The article deals with the semantic acoustics of some famous Bob Dylan’s poetic texts that have become the musical and literary classics of the twentieth century. The splicing edges of Bob Dylan’s poetic texts are distinguished; they have intellectual and sensual, visual and visionary, imaginative and emotional, metaphorical and direct, semantic and acoustic principles. The relationship between the structure and the semantic phonics of some texts is studied. The paper emphasizes on the urgency, acute sociability and ontology, universal philosophy of his poetic texts. There is a neomodern poetic experimentation in some Bob Dylan’s texts, he seems to overcome time limits and, in fact, to combine different historical times, cultural epochs, mental values. The article summarizes that Bob Dylan’s art concern has influenced polyphonically and creatively to the various artistic spheres of the second half of the twentieth century, becoming one of the drivers of world trends in literature, music culture, and cinematography. Methodology. In accordance with the paper purpose the following methods are used: the method of scientific literature analysis, the comparative method, the method of conceptual analysis, the method of sampling texts. An important role also has the descriptive method, which includes generalization, systematization and interpretation of the obtained data. The research also relies on methods of description, comparison, systematization.

Contrasting Effects of World Perception as a Principle of Sofia Gubaidulina's Musical-Philosophical Thinking

Контрастность в представлении о мире была свойственна философии и искусству в разные исторические времена. Причем в западном мышлении она более развита, чем в восточном. С. Губайдулина ощутила в себе это свойство из-за рождения в русско-татарской семье, с перекрещиванием Запада и Востока. Как типичный «шестидесятник», свидетель Второй мировой войны, она всю жизнь думает о коллизиях в жизни людей, что и ввело контрастность в ее музыку любых жанров. На них основаны симфонические полотна, такие как симфония «Слышу...Умолкло...», «Pro et contra». А в концерте для скрипки «Диалог: Я и Ты» она претворила двойственные идеи философа М. Бубера. Контраст же Запада и Востока стал основой драматургии кантаты «Ночь в Мемфисе», концерта для солирующего исполнителя на ударных инструментах и оркестра с участием певицы «Час души», камерных сочинений «Чет и Нечет», «Сад радости и печали». Губайдулина выработала свою, эффективную систему «консонансов» и «диссонансов» всякого рода, которые приносят ясность всей ткани ее музыки. Масштабным духовным сочинением стала ее оратория «О любви и ненависти» на тексты молитв разных собраний. The contrast in the view of the world is characteristic of philosophy and art in different historical times. Moreover, in Western thinking, it is more developed than in the east. S. Gubaidulina felt this property in herself because of her birth in a Russian-Tatar family, with the crossing of the West and the East. As a typical “sixties,” witness of the Second World War, she thinks all her life about the conflicts in people's lives, which introduced contrast to her music of all genres. They are based on the symphonic canvases-the Symphony “I Hear. Silenced...,” “Pro et contra.” And in the violin concerto “Dialogue: Me and You,” she embodied the dual ideas of the philosopher M. Buber. The contrast of the West and the East became the basis of a dramatic cantata “Night in Memphis,” a concert for solo percussion and orchestra with the participation of the singer for “Hour of the soul,” in chamber works “Even and Odd,” “Garden of joy and sorrow.” Gubaidulina developed her own, effective system of “consonances and dissonances” of all kinds, which bring clarity to the entire texture of her music. A large-scale spiritual composition was her oratorio “On Love and Hate” on the texts of prayers of various congregations