scholarly journals Living between land and water – structural and functional adaptations in vegetative organs of bladderworts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus S. Reut ◽  
Piotr Świątek ◽  
Vitor F. O. Miranda ◽  
Bartosz J. Płachno
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

Abstract Aims The carnivorous Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) has an anatomically simple and seemingly rootless vegetative body. It occupies a variety of wetlands and inland waters and shows a broad range of life forms. Here, we aimed to elucidate structural and functional traits in various hydric conditions. Furthermore, we intended to evaluate morpho-anatomical adaptations in correlation with life forms. Methods Morpho-anatomical characteristics typical for hydrophytes of all life forms were investigated by light microscopy on 13 Utricularia taxa, compared to one Pinguicula and two Genlisea taxa, and assessed by multivariate analyses. Results Vegetative structures of Utricularia and Genlisea showed reduced cortical, supporting, and vascular tissues. With increasing water table, leaves were thinner, and narrower or dissected, and submerged organs tended to contain chloroplasts in parenchymatic and epidermal cells. In some main stolons, an endodermis with Casparian strips was visible. Large gas chambers, including a novel ‘crescent’ and a special ‘hollow’ aerenchyma pattern, were found in amphibious to free-floating taxa. Conclusions The evolutionary transfer of carnivory from aerial to subterranean organs in Genlisea, and even more in Utricularia, coincides with a highly simplified anatomy, which is adapted to a broad variety of hydric conditions and compensates for structural innovations in the uptake of nutrients.

scholarly journals Effects of Life-form and Plants Functional Traits on Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur Distributed in Different Parts in Dry Region of Western India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genda Singh ◽  
Bilas Singh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Western India ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
N Content ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Leguminous Species ◽  
C And N

Abstract Background: Plants adapt to adverse environmental conditions accumulate varying concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) compounds to cope up with adverse climatic conditions. Carbon, N and S concentrations were determined in roots, stem and leaves of 33 species of trees/shrubs with objectives to observe the effects of life-form and plants functional traits, and select species with high concentration of these elements for their utilization in afforestation and medicinal uses. Results: Concentrations of C, N, and S and C: N and N: S ratio varied (P<0.05) between species, organs, life-forms and functional traits (legume vs non-legume). These variables were higher (except C in roots and stem) in trees than shrubs, and in leguminous than non-leguminous species. Non-leguminous species showed high S content and low N: S ratio. Antagonistic and synergistic relations were observed between C and N, and N and S concentration respectively. Species showed varying potential in assimilating carbon by regulating uptake and accumulation of these elements in different organs making them adapt to the habitats affected by drought and salinity. We observed strong plant size/life-form effects on C and N content and C: N and N: S ratios and of function on S content. Conclusions: Life-form/size and varying functions of the species determined C: nutrient ratio and elemental composition and helped adapting varying environmental stresses. This study assist in selecting species of high carbon, nitrogen and S content to utilize them in afforesting the areas affected by water and salt stresses, increased carbon storage and species with high S/N content in medicinal uses.

scholarly journals Importance of anatomical leaf features for characterization of three species of Mapania (Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae) from the Amazon Forest, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur de Lima Silva ◽  
Marccus Vinícius da Silva Alves ◽  
Alessandra Ike Coan
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Diagnostic Character ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Supportive Function

Mapania belongs to Mapanioideae, a quite controversial subfamily in Cyperaceae due to the existence of unusual characters in both reproductive and vegetative organs. The genus is represented by seven species in Northern Brazil but taxonomic valuable information related to the leaf organs is still unknown. The present study aimed the anatomical description of the leaf organs (either basal leaves or cataphylls and involucral bracts) of three representative Brazilian species of Mapania. Samples of cataphylls, basal leaves and involucral bracts were sectioned and stained for observations under light microscopy. The involucral bracts provide the most elucidative characters (ten) to distinguish the three species The basal leaves provides six distinguishing characters and are useful to M. macrophylla and M. pycnostachya, as they are absent in M. sylvatica. Mesophyll arrangement in the involucral bracts supports the circumscription of M. macrophylla and M. pycnostachya in M. sect. Pycnocephala and of M. sylvatica in M. sect. Mapania. Some features as thin-walled epidermal cells, stomata level and aerenchyma were considered to be adaptive to the humid environment in which the species occur. The translucent cells are here considered as aerenchyma precursors and a supportive function is assumed for the bulliform cells on the basal leaves and involucral bracts. No silica bodies were found which confirm it as a diagnostic character of Mapania among Hypolytreae genera.

ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF TECHNOGENIC POLLUTION BY MORPHOMETRIC INDICES OF DOMINANT PLANTS

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
Э.С. Борибай ◽  
Н.З. Ахтаева ◽  
А.С. Нурхамаханова ◽  
Ы.Ш. Шаяхметова ◽  
С.Д. Усубалиева
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Technogenic Pollution ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
The Village

В статье рассматриваются проблемы индукции анатомо-морфологического строения растений разных жизненных форм при длительном хроническом воздействии ионизирующей радиации на территорию села Калачи Акмолинской области. Установлено, что в условиях радиоактивного заражения при повышении активности ионизирующего излучения у растений возникает ответная реакция, происходят изменения внутреннего строения вегетативных органов. Такие приспособительные признаки возникают под действием множества факторов окружающей среды, в том числе радиационного загрязнения. The article discusses the problems of induction of the anatomical and morphological structure of plants of different life forms under the long-term chronic effects of ionizing radiation in the territory of the village of Kalachi, Akmola region. It was found that under conditions of radioactive contamination with an increase in the activity of ionizing radiation, a response occurs in plants, changes occur in the internal structure of vegetative organs. Such adaptive signs arise under the influence of a set of environmental factors, including radiation pollution.

scholarly journals Responses of the phytoplankton functional structure to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a large subtropical shallow lake

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane Oliveira Crossetti ◽  
Lacina Maria Freitas-Teixeira ◽  
Juliana Elisa Bohnenberger ◽  
Uwe Horst Schulz ◽  
Lúcia Ribeiro Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Shallow Lake ◽  
Linear Dimension ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Temporal Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Heterogeneity

Abstract Aim Studies on biological communities that take into account only the species composition and abundances (or biomass) and their relative contributions, most of the time, do not reflect their ecological functions, especially considering the wide spatial and temporal variation of large shallow lakes. This paper aimed at evaluating the influence of environmental spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the functional structure of phytoplankton in a subtropical large shallow lake. Methods Seasonal samplings were carried out in 2010 and 2011, in 19 sampling sites distributed along the entire length (90 km) and width (3-10 km) of Lake Mangueira, a large (820 km2 ) and shallow lake (zmean = 2.6 m), comprising the littoral and pelagic zones of the north, central and southern regions. Abiotic variables and phytoplankton functional traits (volume, maximum linear dimension, life forms) and functional groups were analyzed as measures of functional structure. Results The results showed that there was no spatial organization of phytoplankton functional traits during the study. Colonial non-flagellated organisms, organisms with cellular volume between 103 and 104 μm3 and greater than 104 μm3, and with maximum linear dimension between 21 and 50 μm prevailed in all zones and regions. Phytoplankton functional groups and traits responded to resource variation, especially increasing their variety and contribution during spring and summer periods. Conclusions The functional structure of the phytoplankton community in Lake Mangueira, here accessed by functional traits and RFGs, was more conditioned by its environmental temporal variability rather than by the spatial variation, indicating that the resources and life conditions seasonal variation strongly influence the phytoplankton in this ecosystem.

scholarly journals Morpho-anatomical adaptations of Potamogeton polygonus (Potamogetonaceae) to lotic and lentic environments

Rodriguésia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makeli Garibotti Lusa ◽  
Maria Regina Torres Boeger ◽  
Maria Cecília de Chiara Moço ◽  
Cleusa Bona
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Aquatic macrophytes show great phenotypic plasticity and are able to occupy environments with different physicochemical conditions. The present study aimed to characterize morphology and anatomical structure of the pondweed, Potamogeton polygonus Cham. & Schltdl., and to identify adaptive modifications of the plant in lotic and lentic environments. Sampling was carried out in Palmas and General Carneiro, Paraná state, southern Brazil. Ten individuals from each locality were collected. Morpho-anatomical characteristics of the roots, stems and leaves were measured. The anatomical structure was analyzed with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Significant morphological and anatomical adaptive differences were observed between plants of the two environments.

scholarly journals How Do Soil Resources Affect Herbivory in Tropical Plants Along Environmental Gradients? A Test Using Contrasting Congeneric Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Diniz Pinto ◽  
Clara Cruz Vidart Badia ◽  
Glória Ramos Soares ◽  
Hildeberto Caldas Sousa ◽  
Tatiana Cornelissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Leaf Density ◽  
Doce River

Abstract Plants adapted to different habitats exhibit differences in functional traits and these characteristics are influenced by soil properties. We tested the hypothesis that soil resource availability influences the functional traits of plants, affecting therefore herbivory levels. We examined three Byrsonima plant species with different life forms that occurred across a distinct edaphic habitat along the Doce River Basin, South-eastern Brazil. We characterize habitats according to soil nutrient concentration and measured functional characteristics of crown architecture, leaf nutrients, sclerophylly, leaf area and leaf density. In addition, we evaluated how these variables influenced herbivory levels of congeneric plants. Our data have shown that species along a gradient of soil nutrients have functional characteristics influenced by habitat, which in turn affected herbivory levels. By comparing species from different life forms but within the same genus along a stress-gradient of continuous habitats, we described a corresponding gradient of plant functional traits and tissue consumption by herbivorous insects.

scholarly journals Structural and Mechanistic Features of ClyA-Like α-Pore-Forming Toxins

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Bräuning ◽  
Michael Groll
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Pore Formation ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Protein Family ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Broad Variety

Recent technological advances have seen increasing numbers of complex structures from diverse pore-forming toxins (PFT). The ClyA family of α-PFTs comprises a broad variety of assemblies including single-, two- and three-component toxin systems. With crystal structures available for soluble subunits of all major groups in this extended protein family, efforts now focus on obtaining molecular insights into physiological pore formation. This review provides an up-to-date discussion on common and divergent structural and functional traits that distinguish the various ClyA family PFTs. Open questions of this research topic are outlined and discussed.

scholarly journals Relationship between functional traits and genome size variation of angiosperms with different life forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-585
Author(s):  
Chen Shao ◽  
Yaoqi Li ◽  
Ao Luo ◽  
Zhiheng Wang ◽  
Zhenxiang Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Genome Size Variation

scholarly journals Morphoanatomical Characteristics in Riparian Vegetation and Its Adaptative Value

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina García ◽  
Damelis Jáuregui
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Riparian Ecosystems ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Riparian Plants ◽  
Riparian Species ◽  
Rivers And Streams ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
High Diversity

Riparian vegetation comprises plant communities that grow laterally to rivers and streams. They have multiple adaptations, which allows them to persist in these variable and dynamic habitats. This chapter focuses on the morphological and anatomical adaptations of vegetative organs, due to the fact that they are more vulnerable to environmental changes that occur in riparian ecosystems. We also discuss some dispersal mechanisms in riparian species exposed to flooding conditions. Most morphoanatomical adaptations in riparian plants reflect constraints imposed by long periods of waterlogging or complete submergence, as well as the high diversity of strategies that species have developed in order to cope with flooding. Furthermore, riparian ecosystems are being impacted by an increasing artificialization of rivers and banks with losses, or profound changes, in the natural riparian vegetation a problem that will increase with the ongoing climate change, and which must be contained. In order to reduce the vulnerability of these ecosystems, a deeper knowledge of the morphoanatomical attributes that make possible the successful adaptation of riparian flora is necessary so as to implement appropriate measures for the rehabilitation and sustainability of riparian ecosystems.

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