From Motherhood Premium to Motherhood Penalty? Heterogeneous Effects of Motherhood Stages on Women’s Economic Outcomes in Urban China

Abstract Background: Most of employees in urban China have experienced a heavy commuting burden ，which has become an urgent issue that should be solved in the process of promoting the new urbanization strategy. However, not only has the exploration of relationship between commuting and sickness absence been still scant in China, but also there is no discussion made to analyze the mechanism linking the commuting time and sickness absence. To address these gaps, this study firstly investigates the commuting-absence effect as well as the potential transmission channel between them. Methods: Using a unique dataset of 2013 Matched Employer-Employee Survey (CMEES) in China, we apply the zero-inflated negative binomial model to explore the nexus between the commuting and sickness absence. To discuss the potential mechanism linking commuting and sickness absence in the context of China, the estimations of the impact of the commuting on health-related outcomes and work efforts are performed to confirm transmission channels of commute-absence effect by the OLS and Logit regression model. Results: The empirical results reveal that a longer commute has a positive effect on sickness absences, while it is still robust against several specifications. More importantly, the commuting-absence effect is mainly transmitted through health-related outcomes of employees, whereas we cannot find evidence that the effect is transmitted through shirking behavior s. Additionally, the heterogeneous effects of commuting-absence are differentiated across Hukou status, gender, pattern of commuter travel, scale of cities and types of enterprises . Conclusion: The long commute induces to lower productivities through the sickness absence, that is, the longer journey from home to work is positively related with the increasing sickness absence, which keeps in consistency with previous studies. And the potential effect of commute-sickness absence is mainly transmitted through their health-related outcomes.

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Linkage between commuting time and sickness absence in the context of China: transmission channels and heterogeneous effects

10.21203/rs.3.rs-32124/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

zicheng wang ◽

Jiachun Liu ◽

Murong Guo

Keyword(s):

Sickness Absence ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Urban China ◽

Employee Survey ◽

Heterogeneous Effects ◽

Commute Time ◽

Transportation Modes ◽

Health Related ◽

Commuting Time

Abstract Background Most of employees in urban China have experienced a heavy commuting burden,which has become an urgent issue that should be solved in the process of new urbanization strategy. However, not only has the exploration of relationship between the commuting and sickness absence been still scant in China, but also there is no discussion made to analyze the mechanism linking the commuting time and sickness absence. To address these gaps, this study firstly investigates the commuting-absence effect as well as the potential transmission channel between them. Methods Using a unique dataset of 2013 Matched Employer-Employee Survey (CMEES) in China, we apply the zero-inflated negative binomial model to explore the nexus between the commuting and sickness absence. To discuss the potential mechanism linking commuting and sickness absence in the context of China, the estimations of the commuting on health-related outcomes and work efforts are performed by the OLS and Logit regression to discuss the mechanism. Results The empirical results reveal that the commute has a positive effect on sickness absence, while it is still robust against several specifications. More importantly, the commuting-absence effect is mainly transmitted through health-related outcomes of employees, whereas we find no clear evidence supporting the shirking behaviors. Additionally, the heterogeneous effects of commuting-absence are differentiated across the Hukou status, gender, transportation modes, scale of cities and types of enterprises. Conclusion The longer commute induces to lower productivities through the sickness absence, that is, the longer journey from home to work is positively related with the increasing sickness absence, which keeps in consistency with previous studies. And the potential effect of commute-sickness absence is mainly transmitted through their health-related outcomes. Additionally, the impacts of commute time on sickness absence are differentiated across the Hukou status, gender, transportation modes, scale of cities and types of enterprise.

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Association Between Commuting Time and Sickness Absence in the Context of China: Transmission Channels and Heterogeneous Effects

10.21203/rs.3.rs-37161/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wang Zicheng ◽

Liu Jiachun ◽

MURONG GUO

Keyword(s):

Sickness Absence ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Urban China ◽

Employee Survey ◽

Medical Expenses ◽

Heterogeneous Effects ◽

Health Related ◽

Commuting Time ◽

Unique Dataset ◽

New Urbanization

Abstract Background: Most of employees in urban China have experienced a heavy commuting burden，which has become an urgent issue that should be solved in the process of new urbanization strategy. However, not only has the exploration of relationship between the commuting and sickness absence been still scant in China, but also there is no discussion made to analyze the mechanism linking the commuting time and sickness absence. To address these gaps, this study firstly investigates the commuting-absence linkage as well as the potential transmission channel between them.Methods: Using a unique dataset of 2013 Matched Employer-Employee Survey (CMEES) in China, current study apply the zero-inflated negative binomial model to explore the association.Results: Long commute is significantly related with increased sickness absence. A longer commuting is associated with poorer self-rated health status and a higher degree of psychological depression, and it also is highly related with an increase of their BMI index, annual medical expenses as well as the risk of obesity. However, the commuting is not correlated with the overtime length and probability of overtime. Conclusion: The longer commute induces to lower productivities through the increased sickness absence, and the potential linkage of commute-sickness absence is mainly transmitted through their health-related outcomes.

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Linkage between commuting time and sickness absence in the context of China: transmission channels and heterogeneous effects

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17906/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wang Zicheng ◽

Liu Jiachun ◽

Murong Guo

Keyword(s):

Sickness Absence ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Urban China ◽

Employee Survey ◽

Heterogeneous Effects ◽

Commute Time ◽

Transportation Modes ◽

Health Related ◽

Commuting Time

Abstract Background Most of employees in urban China have experienced a heavy commuting burden,which has become an urgent issue that should be solved in the process of new urbanization strategy. However, not only has the exploration of relationship between the commuting and sickness absence been still scant in China, but also there is no discussion made to analyze the mechanism linking the commuting time and sickness absence. To address these gaps, this study firstly investigates the commuting-absence effect as well as the potential transmission channel between them. Methods Using a unique dataset of 2013 Matched Employer-Employee Survey (CMEES) in China, we apply the zero-inflated negative binomial model to explore the nexus between the commuting and sickness absence. To discuss the potential mechanism linking commuting and sickness absence in the context of China, the estimations of the commuting on health-related outcomes and work efforts are performed by the OLS and Logit regression to discuss the mechanism. Results The empirical results reveal that the commute has a positive effect on sickness absence, while it is still robust against several specifications. More importantly, the commuting-absence effect is mainly transmitted through health-related outcomes of employees, whereas we find no clear evidence supporting the shirking behaviors. Additionally, the heterogeneous effects of commuting-absence are differentiated across the Hukou status, gender, transportation modes, scale of cities and types of enterprises. Conclusion The longer commute induces to lower productivities through the sickness absence, that is, the longer journey from home to work is positively related with the increasing sickness absence, which keeps in consistency with previous studies. And the potential effect of commute-sickness absence is mainly transmitted through their health-related outcomes. Additionally, the impacts of commute time on sickness absence are differentiated across the Hukou status, gender, transportation modes, scale of cities and types of enterprise.

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Association Between Commute Duration and Sickness Absence in the Context of China: Mechanism and Heterogeneous Effects

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.611162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Zicheng Wang ◽

Qiushi Wu ◽

Murong Guo

Keyword(s):

Sickness Absence ◽

Poisson Model ◽

Working Hours ◽

Urban China ◽

Work Effort ◽

Employee Survey ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Lower Productivity ◽

Heterogeneous Effects ◽

Health Related

Background: Most employees in urban China have experienced a heavy commuting burden, which has become an urgent issue that should be solved in the new urbanization strategy process. However, the exploration of the relationship between the commute duration and sickness absence remains scant in China, and no direct discussion has been done to analyze the mechanism linking commute duration and sickness absence.Methods: Using a unique dataset of the 2013 China Matched Employer–Employee Survey, the present study applies a two-level random-intercept Poisson model to explore this association.Results: A long commute is significantly related with increased sickness absence. A longer commute is associated with poorer self-rated health status and a higher degree of psychological depression, and it is also highly related with a decrease in sleeping time. Moreover, an increased commuting duration is associated with lower work effort (working hours).Conclusion: Longer commute duration induces lower productivity through increased sickness absence, and the potential link of commute duration and sickness absence is mainly transmitted through health-related outcomes and work effort.

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