scholarly journals Traffic congestion and economic context: changes of spatiotemporal patterns of traffic travel times during crisis and post-crisis periods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amparo Moyano ◽  
Marcin Stępniak ◽  
Borja Moya-Gómez ◽  
Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
City Core ◽  
The City ◽  
North And South

AbstractThis paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the economic context on traffic congestion and its consequential effects on private vehicle accessibility. We conduct a long-term analysis of spatiotemporal traffic congestion patterns in Madrid (Spain), comparing two urban realms: the 2008 economic crisis and the following post-crisis situation. We apply TomTom Speed Profiles data to assess daily variations in traffic congestion and their changes between both periods, and Twitter data to capture spatial patterns of the daily pulse of the city. Increased traffic, a by-product of economic recovery, resulted in higher congestion, particularly during peak hours. Nevertheless, these changes are spatially uneven. In the city core, an increase in congestion is relatively temporally homogeneous, while in the peripheral suburban zones, there has been only a marginal increase in travel times. On the other hand, in the urban outskirts, increased traffic congestion is more severe but visibly different between north and south. These differences have strong social connotations: over 40% of the population experienced a dramatic increase in travel times (more than 25%) during peak hours. Moreover, low-income groups are more likely to live in the more affected southern districts, suffering most the negative consequences of increased congestion.

Impact of the urban construction solutions on the safety population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
R. D. Oktyabrskiy
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
Safety Population ◽  
Peace And War ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the justification of the need to reduce the population density in the residential development of cities. The analysis of vulnerability of the urban population from threats of emergency situations of peace and war time, and also an assessment of provision of the city by a road network is given. Proposals have been formulated to reduce the vulnerability of the urban population in the long term and to eliminate traffic congestion and congestion — jams.

scholarly journals Supporting Community College Students from Start to Degree Completion: Long-Term Evidence from a Randomized Trial of CUNY’s ASAP

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Weiss ◽  
Alyssa Ratledge ◽  
Colleen Sommo ◽  
Himani Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
Graduation Rates ◽  
Degree Completion ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The City

Nationwide, graduation rates at community colleges are discouragingly low. This randomized experiment provides evidence that graduation rates can be increased dramatically. The City University of New York’s (CUNY) Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) is a comprehensive, integrated, 3-year program that has an estimated 18 percentage point effect on 3-year graduation rates, increases 6-year graduation rates by an estimated 10 percentage points, and helps students graduate more quickly. Graduation effect estimates of this magnitude are exceptional in randomized experiments conducted in higher education, offering hope of what is possible when serving low-income students. (JEL H75, I23, I24, I28)

scholarly journals Analysis of Urban Car Owners Commute Mode Choice Based on Evolutionary Game Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huawei Gong ◽  
Wenzhou Jin
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Mode Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transportation Development ◽  
The City

With the aggravation of the traffic congestion in the city, car owners will have to give up commuting with private cars and take the public transportation instead. The paper uses the replication dynamic mechanism to simulate the learning and adjustment mechanism of the automobile owners commuting mode selection. The evolutionary stable strategy is used to describe the long-term evolution of competition game trend. Finally we simulate equilibrium and stability of an evolution of the game under a payoff imbalance situation. The research shows that a certain proportion of car owners will choose public transit under the pressure of public transport development and heavy traffic, and the proportion will be closely related to the initial conditions and urban transportation development policy.

Marginalizing Poverty with Car-Dependent Design: The Story of Two Expulsions

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Historically Black ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
The City

In the twentieth century in Nova Scotia, at least two racialized communities were forcibly expelled from their land: Black Africville residents in Halifax and the Membertou Mi’kmaw First Nation in Sydney. Differences in the long-term outcomes of the two expulsions, however, reveal critical factors in how urban design can support or frustrate poverty alleviation. While the Membertou First Nation was relocated as a whole to a centralized context where they were geographically positioned to stage an economic transformation, Africville residents were more widely dispersed, many to areas with less access to jobs and other economic opportunities.This article analyzes the urban design elements in Halifax that create barriers to prosperity for the city’s historically Black communities and low-income residents. These factors include housing displacement, the suburbanization of poverty, and a lack of access to transit and other destinations within walking distance of homes. This article proposes three policy options to address these barriers and ensure that the city offers opportunity to all residents.

Environmental Equity and Pesticide Exposure

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 913-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Moses ◽  
Eric S. Johnson ◽  
W. Kent Anger ◽  
Virlyn W. Burse ◽  
Sanford W. Horstman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Migrant Farm ◽  
Neurobehavioral Effects

Although people of color and low-income groups bear a disproportionate share of the health risks from exposure to pesticides, research attention has been meager, and data on acute and chronic health effects related to their toxic exposures are generally lacking. Increased resources are needed both to study this issue and to mitigate problems already identified. People of color should be a major research focus, with priority on long-term effects, particularly cancer, neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral effects, long-term neurological dysfunction, and reproductive outcome. Suitable populations at high risk that have not been studied include noncertified pesticide applicators and seasonal and migrant farm workers, including children.

Privatisation of Housing and the Impact of the Conservative Government's Initiatives on Low-Cost Homeownership and Private Renting between 1979 and 1984 in England and Wales: 3. Impact and Evaluation of Low-Cost Homeownership Policy

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 901-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D H Crook
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Private Renting ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Right To Buy

This is the third in a series of four papers describing and evaluating the British Government's policies of privatising housing. In this paper the research on the short-run impact of the low-cost homeownership programme is examined, by looking at the right to buy, shared ownership, improvement for sale, and homesteading, and at starter homes and licence schemes. The purchasers who have benefited from the programme are identified and the reasons for some of the failures of the policy to reach priority groups and areas of need are examined. An evaluation of the programme is made under three headings: the extent to which new investment is generated, the extent to which benefits are restricted to groups in need, and the long-term consequences of expanding homeownership amongst low-income groups. It is concluded that privatisation cannot be achieved without continued state support and regulation.

“Let Me Be Bill-free”: Consumer Debt in the Shadow of Incarceration

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-1001
Author(s):  
Annie Harper ◽  
Tommaso Bardelli ◽  
Stacey Barrenger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
New Haven ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
The City

Low-income U.S. households are increasingly burdened by unaffordable debt, with profound long-term economic and health consequences. Households of color are disproportionately negatively affected. This article examines the nexus of this rising indebtedness and mass incarceration through the experiences of a particularly marginalized group, people with mental illness. Drawing on qualitative research with 31 individuals with mental illness and recent incarceration in the city of New Haven, Connecticut, we show how carceral institutions and predatory financial practices intersect to create complex entanglements for poor and vulnerable people. While a growing body of scholarship focuses on criminal justice fines and fees, we highlight other types of debt that add to the overall burden, describing how incarceration deepens people’s existing debts of poverty and adds new debts from in-prison costs and identity theft. After release, those debts complicate the search for housing, employment, and financial stability, leading to further debt, stressing social relationships and reproducing social and economic inequality. The experiences of people with mental illness illuminates structures of marginalization and disadvantage that affect many others involved with the criminal justice system.

scholarly journals The new function of architectural monuments – a comparative analysis of two different cases: Palazzo Querini Stampalia and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi building

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dominika Strzałka-Rogal
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Added Value ◽  
City Development ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Central Objective ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This paper discusses the long-term vision of the historic city development, where buildings assume a new function over time. The discussion is based on the example of Palazzo Querini Stampalia and Fondaco dei Tedeschi – two monuments restored to Venice in a new, different role. In the comparative analysis of the transformation of the buildings, particular attention was paid to the cultural, social and economic context of the city. This article aims to review the strengths and weaknesses of the new-use scenarios, outlining the renovation of the monuments and its added value for cities. The author concluded that no matter what the new function of the building is, it is worth renovating them, because this way the heritage can survive and this should be the central objective of a long-term vision.

scholarly journals Propensity for COVID-19 severe epidemic among the populations of the neighborhoods of Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Ueleres Braga ◽  
Alberto Novaes Ramos ◽  
Anderson Fuentes Ferreira ◽  
Victor Macêdo Lacerda ◽  
Renan Monteiro Carioca Freire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Western Border ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Jose De Alencar ◽  
The City

Abstract Background The state of Ceará (Northeast Brazil) has shown a high incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and most of the cases that were diagnosed during the epidemic originated from the capital Fortaleza. Monitoring the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic is of strategic importance and requires the use of sensitive tools for epidemiological surveillance, including consistent analyses that allow the recognition of areas with a greater propensity for increased severity throughout the cycle of the epidemic. This study aims to classify neighborhoods in the city of Fortaleza according to their propensity for a severe epidemic of COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We conducted an ecological study within the geographical area of the 119 neighborhoods located in the city of Fortaleza. To define the main transmission networks (infection chains), we assumed that the spatial diffusion of the COVID-19 epidemic was influenced by population mobility. To measure the propensity for a severe epidemic, we calculated the infectivity burden (ItyB), infection burden (IonB), and population epidemic vulnerability index (PEVI). The propensity score for a severe epidemic in the neighborhoods of the city of Fortaleza was estimated by combining the IonB and PEVI. Results The neighborhoods with the highest propensity for a severe COVID-19 epidemic were Aldeota, Cais do Porto, Centro, Edson Queiroz, Vicente Pinzon, Jose de Alencar, Presidente Kennedy, Papicu, Vila Velha, Antonio Bezerra, and Cambeba. Importantly, we found that the propensity for a COVID-19 epidemic was high in areas with differing socioeconomic profiles. These areas include a very poor neighborhood situated on the western border of the city (Vila Velha), neighborhoods characterized by a large number of subnormal agglomerates in the Cais do Porto region (Vicente Pinzon), and those located in the oldest central area of the city, where despite the wealth, low-income groups have remained (Aldeota and the adjacent Edson Queiroz). Conclusion Although measures against COVID-19 should be applied to the entire municipality of Fortaleza, the classification of neighborhoods generated through this study can help improve the specificity and efficiency of these measures.

scholarly journals Defining and Measuring the Relevance of Criteria for the Evaluation of the Inflow of Goods in City Centers

Logistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Mladen Jardas ◽  
Ana Perić Hadžić ◽  
Edvard Tijan
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
City Center ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Questionnaire Method ◽  
The City

The aim of this paper is to define and measure the relevance of the criteria for the evaluation of the inflow of goods in city centers, in order to improve delivery activities within city centers. The development of the city center leads to the grouping of numerous business operators, which results in the increase of the quantity of goods entering the city center, causing additional traffic congestion, higher levels of noise and emissions of harmful gases. In the long term, this leads to major dissatisfaction with the quality of life among city residents. Therefore, the planning of goods delivery must be in line with the sustainable development of city logistics, while at the same time considering the interests of relevant stakeholders. However, in the existing literature the criteria for evaluating delivery flows have not been comprehensively identified or evaluated by the stakeholders of city centers. In order to fill the research gap, the authors have defined four groups of criteria: technical-technological, economic-financial, organizational and social criteria. To determine the relevance of these criteria, it was necessary to use the questionnaire method to collect data from the stakeholder groups defined by the literature review. Regarding the relevant stakeholders (carriers, delivery recipients, residents and urban policy makers), the results have pointed out that the technical-technological and organizational criteria groups are considered the most relevant by the stakeholders regarding the inflow of goods in city centers.

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