scholarly journals Adult body growth and reproductive investment vary markedly within and across Atlantic and Pacific herring: a meta-analysis and review of 26 stocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thassya C. dos Santos Schmidt ◽  
Doug E. Hay ◽  
Svein Sundby ◽  
Jennifer A. Devine ◽  
Guðmundur J. Óskarsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Investment In Reproduction

AbstractLife-history traits of Pacific (Clupea pallasii) and Atlantic (Clupea harengus) herring, comprising both local and oceanic stocks subdivided into summer-autumn and spring spawners, were extensively reviewed. The main parameters investigated were body growth, condition, and reproductive investment. Body size of Pacific herring increased with increasing latitude. This pattern was inconsistent for Atlantic herring. Pacific and local Norwegian herring showed comparable body conditions, whereas oceanic Atlantic herring generally appeared stouter. Among Atlantic herring, summer and autumn spawners produced many small eggs compared to spring spawners, which had fewer but larger eggs—findings agreeing with statements given several decades ago. The 26 herring stocks we analysed, when combined across distant waters, showed clear evidence of a trade-off between fecundity and egg size. The size-specific individual variation, often ignored, was substantial. Additional information on biometrics clarified that oceanic stocks were generally larger and had longer life spans than local herring stocks, probably related to their longer feeding migrations. Body condition was only weakly, positively related to assumingly in situ annual temperatures (0–30 m depth). Contrarily, body growth (cm × y−1), taken as an integrator of ambient environmental conditions, closely reflected the extent of investment in reproduction. Overall, Pacific and local Norwegian herring tended to cluster based on morphometric and reproductive features, whereas oceanic Atlantic herring clustered separately. Our work underlines that herring stocks are uniquely adapted to their habitats in terms of trade-offs between fecundity and egg size whereas reproductive investment mimics the productivity of the water in question.

The Development of the Vertebral Column of the Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii)

1940 ◽  
Vol 5a (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes M. Gwyn
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Vertebral Number ◽  
Clupea Pallasii ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Pacific

Embryological development is followed over a period of ten weeks after hatching. The mode of formation of the components of the vertebral column is compared with that in Clupea harengus, and is described in detail where differences are observed or additional information is available. Development appears essentially similar in the two species, although in general more rapid relative to length in C. pallasii. At hatching, myotome formation is complete and the ultimate vertebral number of an individual is presumably determined by that time. During ossification of the vertebral column, complex growth gradients from one or more centres are observed.

Effect of body size, age and timing of breeding on clutch and egg size of female Eastern Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Gerlinde Höbel ◽  
Robb Kolodziej ◽  
Dustin Nelson ◽  
Christopher White
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Hyla Versicolor ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Gray Treefrogs

Abstract Information on how organisms allocate resources to reproduction is critical for understanding population dynamics. We collected clutch size (fecundity) and egg size data of female Eastern Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor, and examined whether observed patterns of resource allocation are best explained by expectations arising from life history theory or by expected survival and growth benefits of breeding earlier. Female Hyla versicolor showed high between-individual variation in clutch and egg size. We did not observe maternal allocation trade-offs (size vs number; growth vs reproduction) predicted from life history theory, which we attribute to the large between-female variation in resource availability, and the low survival and post-maturity growth rate observed in the study population. Rather, clutches are larger at the beginning of the breeding season, and this variation in reproductive investment aligns with seasonal variation in ecological factors affecting offspring growth and survival.

Genetic Comparison Between Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasi) and a Norwegian Fjord Stock of Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Jørstad ◽  
G. Dahle ◽  
O. I. Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Divergence ◽  
Norwegian Fjord ◽  
Spawning Behaviour

Genetic studies on populations of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) in Norwegian seawaters have revealed a number of genetically distinct fjord populations. One population in Balsfjord in northern Norway was nearly fixed for several alleles that were very rare in the Atlanto-Scandian herring stock. A comparison with a sample of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) from British Columbia demonstrated that these alleles were identical to the more common alleles in this species. Genetic distance estimates based on six polymorphic loci demonstrated that Balsfjord herring were more similar to Pacific herring. Balsfjord and Pacific herring were also similar in vertebrae number and spawning behaviour. Restriction fragment analyses of mitochondrial DNA using five restriction enzymes revealed distinct clones that separated different herring groups. Nucleotide sequence divergence among groups was small.

Reproductive Biology of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s111-s126 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Hay
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Spawning Time

Most British Columbia herring begin sexual maturation in the late summer and become sexually mature in the subsequent March or April. As they mature, most stocks migrate from summer feeding grounds to overwintering areas and then to shallow nearshore spawning areas. Also, newly recruited, sexually maturing fish join the adult spawning stocks, either on the summer or winter grounds. These events occur in an unpredictable environment. Consequently, reproduction in Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) may be viewed as a biological problem of maintaining synchrony and precision: specifically the synchronous maturation of (1) males and females and (2) the recruit spawners with the adult fish that have spawned in previous years. Biological precision is required to ensure that gametes are released at the correct place at the correct time. Further precision is required to achieve an appropriate balance between egg number and egg size, and then to control the density of eggs deposited on the bottom. The annual temperature regime is a vital regulator of these processes. Generally, the warmer the temperature, or lower the latitude, the earlier the maturation and spawning time. There are some notable exceptions that indicate local adaptation to other environmental cues. Also, experimental work indicates that food supply can affect the maturation rate. Intensities of egg depositions are generally similar among Pacific North American stocks, and indeed for many documented herring spawnings from Asian and European stocks. It has been shown that eggs in the middle of very thick spawns have lower survival so there is a selective advantage for biological mechanisms that ensure more even and lighter egg densities. This paper suggests that egg density in Pacific herring is controlled by a biological feedback mechanism involving milt concentration and hydrographic factors. Earlier spawners tend to be larger and there is a positive relationship between female size and egg size, a tendency consistent with other herring stocks and species. Size-adjusted fecundity, when compared among different regions and years, is strikingly uniform within British Columbia. On a broad geographic scale (California to Alaska), size-specific fecundity declines with latitude. Recent experimental work reveals that total egg number is higher at early stages of maturation and decreases as spawning time approaches. Presumably, this decrease reflects selective resorption of some developing oocytes, and probably occurs in response to available body energy. The duration and geographical variation in spawning time is relevant to questions concerning the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships between Pacific herring and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus). Other aspects of reproductive biology have important management implications, particularly for (1) predicting recruitment, (2) deriving stock estimates from spawn surveys, and (3) managing fisheries.

scholarly journals Oogenesis and reproductive investment of Atlantic herring are functions of not only present but long-ago environmental influences as well

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (10) ◽  
pp. 2634-2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thassya C. dos Santos Schmidt ◽  
Aril Slotte ◽  
James Kennedy ◽  
Svein Sundby ◽  
Arne Johannessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Dynamic Factor ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Underlying Assumption

Following general life history theory, immediate reproductive investment (egg mass × fecundity/body mass) in oviparous teleosts is a consequence of both present and past environmental influences. This clarification questions the frequent use of season-independent (general) fecundity formulas in marine fish recruitment studies based on body metrics only. Here we test the underlying assumption of no lag effect on gametogenesis in the planktivorous, determinate-fecundity Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) displaying large plasticity in egg mass and fecundity, examining Norwegian summer–autumn spawning herring (NASH), North Sea autumn-spawning herring (NSAH), and Norwegian spring-spawning herring (NSSH). No prior reproductive information existed for NASH. Compared with the 1960s, recent reproductive investment had dropped markedly, especially for NSAH, likely reflecting long-term changes in zooplankton biography and productivity. As egg mass was characteristically small for autumn spawners, although large for spring spawners (cf. different larval feeding conditions), fecundity was the most dynamic factor within reproductive investment. For the data-rich NSSH, we showed evidence that transient, major declines in zooplankton abundance resulted in low fecundity over several subsequent seasons, even if Fulton’s condition factor (K) turned high. Temporal trends inKslope(Kon total length) were, however, informative. These results clarify that fecundity is defined by (i) dynamics of primary (standing stock) oocytes and (ii) down-regulation of secondary oocytes, both processes intimately linked to environmental conditions but operating at different timescales. Thus, general fecundity formulas typically understate interannual variability in actual fecundity. We therefore argue for the use of segmented fecundity formulas linked to dedicated monitoring programs.

scholarly journals The evolution of monogamy is associated with reversals from male to female bias in the survival cost of parasitism

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1950) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler N. Wittman ◽  
Robert M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Mating Systems ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Monogamous Species ◽  
Female Bias ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Balance Trade ◽  
Male To Female

The extent to which parasites reduce host survival should depend upon how hosts balance trade-offs between reproduction and survival. For example, parasites are predicted to impose greater survival costs under polygynous or promiscuous mating systems in which competition for mates favours increased reproductive investment, particularly in males. We provide, to our knowledge, the first comparative test of the hypothesis that the mating system of the host is an important determinant of (i) the extent to which parasites reduce survival, and (ii) the extent to which males and females differ in the survival cost of parasitism. Using meta-analysis of 85 published estimates of the survival cost of parasitism from 72 studies of 64 species representing diverse animal lineages, we show that parasites impose a mean 3.5-fold increase in the odds of mortality on their hosts. Although this survival cost does not differ significantly across monogamous, polygynous and promiscuous mating systems, females incur a greater survival cost than males in monogamous species, whereas males incur a greater survival cost than females in polygynous and promiscuous species. Our results support the idea that mating systems shape the relative extent to which males and females invest in reproduction at the expense of defence against parasites.

Influence of Interannual Variations in Winter Sea Temperature on Fecundity and Egg Size in Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1485-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Tanasichuk ◽  
D. M. Ware
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Ovary Weight ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Different Seasons

Data for 2937 fish, collected from seven locations over five years, were analysed to evaluate the effects of sea temperature and stock biomass on size-specific ovary weight and fecundity at spawning. Ovary weight did not vary significantly between years or locations. Size-specific fecundity was higher in 1983, when coastal waters were abnormally warm because of a strong El Niño – Southern Oscillation event. The effect of location was equivocal: one stock that overwintered in warm water tended to have a higher fecundity. Mean sea temperature between 60 and 90 d before spawning (in spring) best accounted for variations in size-specific fecundity. Temperature may influence fecundity by regulating gonadotropin concentration and consequently pre-ovulatory atresia. We hypothesize that the trade-off between fecundity and egg size is adaptive. A theoretical analysis of the early life history of Pacific herring suggests that, to maximize survival to metamorphosis, egg size should decrease and fecundity increase with temperature when the larval growth rate Q10 is less than the mortality rate Q10. Our model seems to explain the differences in egg size between recruit and repeat spawners, and between stocks of Atlantic herring that spawn in different seasons.

Distribution and Characteristics of Herring Spawning Grounds and Description of Spawning Behavior

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s39-s55 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Haegele ◽  
J. F. Schweigert
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Kamchatka Peninsula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Spawning Grounds

Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) are winter–spring spawners which exhibit a south to north latitudinal dine in spawning time. In the eastern Pacific, major spawning populations are concentrated near San Francisco, in Puget Sound, and along the coasts of British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. In the Bering Sea, herring spawn in Alaska and along the Kamchatka Peninsula. In the western Pacific, herring spawn in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Japan Sea. Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) consist of both winter–spring and summer–autumn spawning groups characterized in the northeast Atlantic by oceanic, shelf, and coastal populations. The oceanic group are large migratory fish spawning off the coasts of Norway and Iceland. The shelf group includes the various locally migratory North Sea populations adjacent to the British Isles. The coastal groups consist of smaller fish restricted to the Baltic and White seas. In the northwest Atlantic, spawning occurs from northern Labrador to Virginia with spring spawners predominating in the north and fall spawners in the south. Herring typically congregate near their spawning grounds for several weeks to months prior to spawning. Temperature is one of the factors that determine when spawning occurs. The Atlantic herring exhibits sexual dimorphism in the spawning act with only the female interacting with the spawning substrate. Both sexes of the Pacific herring make physical contact with the substrate on which the adhesive eggs are deposited. Spawning grounds are located in high-energy environments, either nearshore for spring spawners or in tidally active areas for fall spawners. Spawn is deposited on marine vegetation or on bottom substrate, such as gravel, which is free from silting. The eggs are tolerant to temperatures in the range of 5–14 °C and salinities in the range of 3–33‰. Egg mortality results mostly from suffocation due to high egg densities and silting, predation, and, in intertidal spawn, from stresses imposed by exposure to air and from egg loss by wave action.

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