scholarly journals The mediating role of values in the relationship between religion and entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius A. Rietveld ◽  
Brigitte Hoogendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Value Priorities ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAn emerging stream of literature argues that values entail a prime channel through which belonging to a religion and entrepreneurship are related. In this study, we introduce Schwartz’s theory of basic human values to theorize on the role of values in the reciprocal relationship between belonging to a religion and entrepreneurship. Based on the motivational goal of each value, we argue that the value priorities of people belonging to a religion are opposite to these of entrepreneurs. We also go beyond earlier studies highlighting values as a prominent channel through which religion and entrepreneurship are connected by providing empirical evidence about the extent to which values mediate this relationship. By drawing on data from eight biennial survey waves (2002–2016) of the European Social Survey (32 countries), we show that individuals who belong to a religion prioritize values related to conservation higher than values related to openness to change, whereas the opposite is true for entrepreneurs. This contrast in value priorities cushions the relationship between belonging to a religion and entrepreneurship. However, both those belonging to a religion and entrepreneurs prioritize values related to self-transcendence over those related to self-enhancement. These relationships are fairly constant across the major religions in Europe, but do depend on how actively people engage in a religion and the type of entrepreneurship.Plain English Summary New evidence about how values can explain the relationship between belonging to a religion and being an entrepreneur. For many people, religion provides the moral codes by which they live and herewith it shapes individual decision-making including the choice for certain occupations. However, religions do not prescribe occupational choices directly but shape these choices indirectly. A prominent role for values in the relationship between belonging to a religion and entrepreneurship is widely acknowledged theoretically, but hardly tested empirically. In this study, we use Schwartz’ theory of basic human values to test this relationship and show that the value priorities of individuals belonging to a religion are opposite to those of entrepreneurs. Individuals who belong to a religion prioritize values related to conserving the social order higher than values related to openness to change and novelty, whereas the opposite is true for entrepreneurs. This contrast in value priorities weakens the relationship between belonging to a religion and entrepreneurship. Our findings are fairly constant across the major religions in Europe, but do depend on how actively people engage in a religion and the type of entrepreneurship. With a rapidly changing number of individuals adhering to a religion and increasing religious diversity in many European countries, our study is of practical importance by showing how these trends may have an impact on a country’s entrepreneurship rate.

scholarly journals The relationship between human values and creative ideation among undergraduate students: The role of creative self-efficacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1885575
Author(s):  
Puthyrom Tep ◽  
Sorakrich Maneewan ◽  
Saranya Chuathong ◽  
Matthew A. Easter
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Creative Self ◽  
Creative Ideation ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Age and Happiness Varies by Income

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimiter Toshkov
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Old Age ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe link between age and happiness has been the subject of numerous studies. It is still a matter of controversy whether the relationship is U-shaped, with happiness declining after youth before bouncing back in old age, or not. While the effect of age has been examined conditional on income and other socio-demographic variables, so far, the interactions between age and income have remained insufficiently explored. Using data from the European Social Survey, this article shows that the nature of the relationship between age and happiness varies strongly with different levels of relative income. People in the lowest decile of the income distribution experience a ‘hockey stick’: a deep decline in self-reported happiness until around age 50–55 and a small bounce back in old age. The classic U-curve is found mostly in the middle-income ranks. For people at the top of the income distribution, average happiness does not vary much with age. These results demonstrate the important role of income in moderating the relationship between age and happiness.

scholarly journals Health and political efficacy in context: What is the role of the welfare state?

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 435-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Shore ◽  
Carolin Rapp ◽  
Daniel Stockemer
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Health Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

Health affects nearly all facets of our lives, including the likelihood of getting involved in politics. Focusing on political efficacy, we zoom in on one potential mechanism as to why people in poor health might, for example, stay at home on Election Day. We first look at the ways in which health is related to both people’s perceptions of their abilities to take part in politics (internal political efficacy) as well as the extent to which they believe policymakers are responsive to citizen needs (external political efficacy). Second, we examine how the social policy context intervenes in the relationship between health and political efficacy. Multilevel models using 2014 and 2016 European Social Survey data on roughly 57,000 respondents nested in 21 European countries reveal complex results: while good health, rather unsurprisingly, fosters internal and external political efficacy, more generous welfare states, though associated with higher levels of political efficacy, are not a panacea for remedying political inequalities stemming from individual health differences.

Through the Looking Glass: No Wonderland Yet! (The Reciprocal Relationship between Methodology and Models of Reality)

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhoda Kesler Unger
Keyword(s):  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Knowledge Perspective ◽  
Question Selection ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Looking Glass

This article discusses the relationship between conceptual frameworks and methodology in psychology. It is argued that our models of reality influence our research in terms of question selection, causal factors hypothesized, and interpretation of data. The position and role of women as objects and agents of research are considered in terms of a sociology of knowledge perspective. Suggestions are offered for a more reflexive psychology.

scholarly journals Are anti-immigrant attitudes the Holy Grail of populists? : A comparative analysis of attitudes towards immigrants, values, and political populism in Europe

Intersections ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-127
Author(s):  
Vera Messing ◽  
Bence Ságvári
Keyword(s):  
European Social Survey ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Right Wing Populism ◽  
And Migration

In this paper we aim to discuss attitudes towards immigrants in a European context and analyse drivers of anti-immigrant attitudes such as the feeling of control, basic human values, political orientation and preferences related to right-wing populism. Based on data from the European Social Survey, we first describe how attitudes of people in Europe changed throughout a period of almost two decades (between 2002 and 2018). We will show that although attitudes are influenced by a number of demographic and subjective features of individuals, on the macro-level they seem to be surprisingly stable, yet hide significant cross-country differences. Then, we zoom in to the three most significant elements influencing attitudes towards immigrants: the feeling of control, basic human values, and political orientation. Applying a multi-level model we test the validity of three theories about factors informing attitudes towards immigrants—competition theory, locus of control, and the role of basic human values—and include time (pre- and post-2015 refugee-crisis periods) into the analysis. In the discussion we link ESS data to recent research on populism in Europe that categorizes populist parties across the continent, and establish that the degree to which anti-migrant feelings are linked to support for political populism varies significantly across European countries. We show that right-wing populist parties gather and feed that part of the population which is very negative towards migrants and migration in general, and this process is also driven by the significance awarded the value of security vis-à-vis humanitarianism.

scholarly journals Hyperuricemia and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review from Physiology and Pathogenesis to the Role of Urate-Lowering Therapy

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Tao Han Lee ◽  
Jia-Jin Chen ◽  
Chao-Yi Wu ◽  
Chih-Wei Yang ◽  
Huang-Yu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Renal Disease Progression ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between hyperuricemia, gout, and renal disease has been investigated for several years. From the beginning, kidney disease has been considered a complication of gout; however, the viewpoints changed, claiming that hypertension and elevated uric acid (UA) levels are caused by decreased urate excretion in patients with renal impairment. To date, several examples of evidence support the role of hyperuricemia in cardiovascular or renal diseases. Several mechanisms have been identified that explain the relationship between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease, including the crystal effect, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, and intracellular oxidative stress stimulation, and urate-lowering therapy (ULT) has been proven to reduce renal disease progression in the past few years. In this comprehensive review, the source and physiology of UA are introduced, and the mechanisms that explain the reciprocal relationship between hyperuricemia and kidney disease are reviewed. Lastly, current evidence supporting the use of ULT to postpone renal disease progression in patients with hyperuricemia and gout are summarized.

scholarly journals Accounting and power in the society of Buddhism: An analysis of the income and expenditure reports of Toji Temple, 1427–1532

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-52
Author(s):  
Yumiko Sankoji
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religious Organizations ◽  
Money Management ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

In recent decades, many studies have examined the role of accounting in organizations, the relationship between accounting and power in modern society, and the use of accounting as an instrument to construct a social order and foster interaction within a social context. However, little is known about the use of accounting to exert power in religious organizations – despite these organizations being among the most socially influential entities of pre-modern times. This article seeks to help fill this gap by analyzing the income and expenditure reports of the Komyo-ko-gata of the Toji Temple (1427–1532) in Japan. Two distinctive contributions are made. First, instead of focusing on Christianity, the subject is a Buddhist organization during the Middle Ages. Second, both synchronic and diachronic approaches are applied in this analysis. The findings confirm that accounting can strengthen strained relationships within organizations by facilitating control over information related to money management.

Role of Human Values in Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: An Empirical Study in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 4653-4659
Author(s):  
Ratchada Fongtanakit ◽  
Sriparinya Toopgajank ◽  
Duangsamorn Rungsawanpho
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Entrepreneurial Education ◽  
Career Intentions ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial career intentions. This study also provides the mediating role of human factors like openness and self enhancement in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial career intentions. Methodology: This study is based on quantitative methodology in which questionnaires were given to the students of different universities of Thailand studying business courses. Questionnaires were given to 309 students. Questionnaires have been filled to self-administered technique and also through online way. The responses were then analyzed by using statistical tools such as SPSS and AMOS through CFA and SEM. Results: The results have shown that entrepreneurial education has the significant positive impact on entrepreneurial career intentions directly and also through the mediating roles of human values like openness and self enhancement. Implications: It is an extension to literature related to the role of human factors and their impact on the entrepreneurial career intentions. It also helps the students of Thailand of undergraduate and master level to enhance the ability in them to face and overcomes all the problems related to their business. Value: The value of this study is the relationship of the entrepreneurship education with the mediating role of human values like openness and self enhancement and their impact on the entrepreneurial career intentions which was not discussed in the previous studies.

Towards an understanding of the relationship between family-oriented benefits and employee behaviors: Does coworker support matter?

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina A Bourne ◽  
Sara Ann McComb ◽  
Melissa S Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Coworker Support ◽  
Employee Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDrawing on social exchange theory, we explore the reciprocal relationship between the perception of being offered family-oriented benefits (childcare information services and childcare vouchers) and parent–employees' engagement in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). We examine the moderating role of both general and family-oriented social support from coworkers, an often cited, but less frequently studied aspect of parent–employees' work experiences. Based on survey data from parent–employees and their supervisors in the United States, we find that the strength of the relationship between the benefits and OCBs varies when coworker support is high versus low and that the direction of the relationship varies according to the type of coworker support. Specifically, when childcare vouchers are offered, OCBs are related to general support, whereas when childcare information is offered, OCBs are related to family-oriented support.

Basic Human Values and Attitudes Towards a Universal Basic Income in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwangeun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Welfare State Development ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract This study contributes to the emerging literature on public opinion on a universal basic income (UBI) not only by investigating the role of basic human values in influencing support for UBI but also by examining the moderating role of welfare state development in the association between basic human values and UBI support. Using the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 8 in 2016, which has an item asking whether to support UBI and the 21-item measure of human values that is based on the Schwartz theory of basic human values, the results show that individual universalism that is a self-transcendence value is positively and significantly associated with support for UBI, while the other self-transcendence value, benevolence, has a negative relationship with that; the two self-enhancement values, power and achievement, are positively linked to support for UBI. Additionally, in advanced welfare states, people who are more inclined towards individual universalism are more likely to support UBI; by contrast, in underdeveloped welfare states, this relationship is not apparent.

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