scholarly journals Formal and informal entrepreneurship: a cross-country policy perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Laing ◽  
André van Stel ◽  
David J. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Informal Entrepreneurship ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Employment Rates

AbstractThis paper distinguishes between formal and informal entrepreneurship. It theorises that each are influenced by very different combinations of macro-economic factors and strongly moderated by country income levels. Empirically, we show the ease of starting a business and high-quality governance, exert a powerful influence on formal, but not informal entrepreneurship. The latter is influenced by self-employment rates in low-income countries and by female labour force participation in high-income countries. Policy-makers seeking to improve economic welfare through enhancing entrepreneurship therefore have to choose the ‘type’ of entrepreneurship on which to focus and then select appropriate policies. By providing a novel grouping of these policies, we are able to assist them in making these choices.

scholarly journals DOES ECONOMIC INTEGRATION INCREASE FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION? SOME NEW EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Seema Wati Narayan ◽  
Tri Tung Nguyen ◽  
Xuan-Hoa Nghiem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Government Education ◽  
New Evidence

While several studies have, directly or indirectly, showed the importance of economic integration in job creation and destruction, direct empirical evidence for Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) is still sparse. We take the case of Vietnam – a country that has come out of poverty largely due to her export-induced economic growth – and examine the impacts on FLFP of economic integration over the period 1999-2014. Our results suggest that Vietnam’s export sector, which relies heavily on foreign direct investment and free trade agreements, is an important contributor to FLFP. Economic integration with high-income countries (compared to middle- and low-income countries) was found to be most beneficial to FLFP in Vietnam. Our results also indicate that some traditional drivers of FLFP (such as fertility rate, health status, female adolescents out of secondary school, government education spending, and standard of living) became more (or less) important as Vietnam became more economically integrated.

scholarly journals Low Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan: Causes and Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol III (III) ◽  
pp. 237-264
Author(s):  
Zubaria Andlib ◽  
Aliya H Khan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
South Asian Region

Pakistan has the lowest Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) rate in the South Asian region. The study has used the latest round of Labor Force Survey 2014-15 and analyzed the individual and household factors that are associated with low FLFP in Pakistan. This study finds that there is less probability for urban women to take part in labor force activities. At national and regional level higher secondary and above levels of education have positive and significant relationship with FLFP whereas the situation is different for the four provinces of Pakistan. In case of Punjab province graduation and above levels of education are positively affiliated with FLFP, in Sind province higher secondary and above levels of education are positively associated with FLFP, in KPK province, matric and above levels of education are positively influencing FLFP decisions and in Baluchistan province primary and above levels of education are positively influencing women's decisions to participate in labor force activities. Women living in joint family systems, non-migrated, recipient of technical or vocational trainings are also more likely to participate in labor force activities. The study provides useful insights for policy makers to formulate appropriate policies to increase FLFP rate in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Trends of Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Ariane Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Global Gender Gap Index

<p>There are two problems that often emerge in public discussions about the recent trends in the level of participation of the female labor force in Indonesia. The first is the low Indonesian female labour force partipation rate (FLFPR) compared to other ASEAN countries. The second is the trend of stagnation of Indonesian FLFPR—at around 51%—over almost three decades. By reviewing cross-country data from the Global Gender Gap Index and the International Labor Organization, this article rests on the argument that the two features of Indonesian FLFPR are not merely bad news, and should be read in the context of large economic growth and social change in Indonesia. But a more critical and thorough interpretation of the trend of this indicator does not deny the fact that there is still wide room to improve women's economic participation and opportunity in Indonesia.</p><p> </p>

Does female labour force participation contribute to better financial inclusion? Evidence from cross-country analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Senthil Arasu Balasubramanian ◽  
Thenmozhi Kuppusamy
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of female labour force participation (FLFP) in the access and usage of formal financial services by women.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses cross-country data from 107 countries. The study uses multivariate regression (OLS) to explain the impact of FLFP on the financial inclusion variables. The study also accounted for different groups of country-level control variables. Instrumental variables regression is also used in the study to consider for endogeneity issues.FindingsThe results show that FLFP has significant influence on all of the financial inclusion variables used in the study. The role of financial literacy is prominent in determining women's access to sophisticated financial services such as debit card and credit card. Improving financial infrastructure of an economy facilitates greater access to formal account by womenPractical implicationsFrom policymakers’ perspective, women should be motivated to enter labour market for better financial inclusion.Social implicationsMore opportunities for women to enter formal employment encourages female participation in labour market and benefits women and the economy.Originality/valueThis paper is the first of its kind to study the influence of FLFP on indicators of financial inclusion of women. The study extended the scope of access to financial services by considering access to bank account, debit card and credit card. The study also analysed use of financial services through digital platforms by women.

How Has the Middle Fared in the Netherlands? A Tale of Stagnation and Population Shifts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiemer Salverda ◽  
Stefan Thewissen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Wage Moderation ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Real Increase ◽  
Dual Income ◽  
Household Incomes

This chapter sets out how inequality and real incomes across the distribution evolved in the Netherlands from the late 1970s through the economic Crisis. Inequality grew, though not dramatically, while wages showed remarkably little real increase. This meant that real income increases for households relied for the most part on the growth in female labour-force participation and in dual-income couples. The chapter highlights the major changes in population and household structures that underpinned the observed changes in household incomes at different points in the distribution. It also sets out key features of the institutional structures in the labour market and broader welfare state, and the centrality of the priority given to wage moderation and the maintenance of competitiveness in the growth model adopted throughout the period.

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