Objective Income But Not Subjective Social Status Predicts Short-Term and Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes: Findings Across Two Large Datasets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Y. S. Oh ◽  
Zhaoliang Yu ◽  
Eddie M. W. Tong
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Short Term

scholarly journals The relationship between mental disorders and actual and desired subjective social status

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. A. de Vries ◽  
M. ten Have ◽  
R. de Graaf ◽  
S. van Dorsselaer ◽  
N. M. P. de Ruiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Aims Mental disorders are associated with lower subjective social status (SSS), but a more nuanced understanding of this relationship is needed. We examined the influence of disorder age of onset and recency on SSS and studied whether mental disorders are also associated with the discrepancy between actual and desired SSS. Method Data are from the baseline and second wave of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2). Mental disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), while both actual and desired SSS were assessed with a ten-rung ladder. Linear regression was used to examine the association between mental disorders and SSS. Results Of 5303 participants, 2237 had a lifetime mental disorder at baseline. These participants reported significantly lower actual SSS (6.28) at follow-up than healthy participants (6.66, B = −0.38 [95% CI −0.48 to −0.27], p < 0.001) and a significantly greater actual-desired SSS discrepancy (1.14 v. 1.05 after controlling for actual SSS, B = 0.09 [0.01–0.17], p = 0.024). Lower age of onset of the first mental disorder was marginally significantly associated with lower actual SSS (B = 0.006 [0.000–0.012], p = 0.046). More recent disorders were also associated with lower actual SSS (B = 0.015 [0.005–0.026], p = 0.005), such that participants whose disorder remitted ⩾6 years before baseline were statistically indistinguishable from healthy participants. Conclusions Lifetime mental disorders are associated with lower actual SSS and a slightly greater discrepancy between actual and desired SSS. However, people with mental disorders in (long-term) remission have a similar social status as healthy participants.

scholarly journals Understanding short-term interactions between arousal and attention in infants and children: applying the Aston-Jones framework

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam V. Wass
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Autonomic Arousal ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
Time Frames

AbstractDifferential Susceptibility Theory explains long-term associations between neurobiological sensitivity and cognitive outcomes, but no comparable theoretical framework exists to understand how neurobiological sensitivity and cognitive performance inter-relate on shorter time-frames. Here, we evaluate a framework proposed by Aston-Jones and colleagues, building on the Yerkes-Dodson model, to understand these associations. The framework describes how slow-moving (tonic) changes in autonomic arousal relate to fast (phasic) changes, as observed for example relative to experimenter-determined events, and how phasic changes relate to attention. Larger phasic changes, which associate with better selective attention, are most likely at mid-level tonic arousal. Smaller phasic changes, and worse selective attention, are observed at hypo-and hyper-arousal. We review the fit of this model to typical and atypical development, during infancy and childhood.

scholarly journals Chinese and UK participants' preferences for physical attractiveness and social status in potential mates

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 181243
Author(s):  
Lingshan Zhang ◽  
Hongyi Wang ◽  
Anthony J. Lee ◽  
Lisa M. DeBruine ◽  
Benedict C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Budget Allocation ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Men are hypothesized to show stronger preferences for physical attractiveness in potential mates than women are, particularly when assessing the attractiveness of potential mates for short-term relationships. By contrast, women are thought to show stronger preferences for social status in potential mates than men are, particularly when assessing the attractiveness of potential mates for long-term relationships. These mate-preference sex differences are often claimed to be ‘universal' (i.e. stable across cultures). Consequently, we used an established ‘budget-allocation' task to investigate Chinese and UK participants' preferences for physical attractiveness and social status in potential mates. Confirmatory analyses replicated these sex differences in both samples, consistent with the suggestion that they occur in diverse cultures. However, confirmatory analyses also showed that Chinese women had stronger preferences for social status than UK women did, suggesting cultural differences in the magnitude of mate-preference sex differences can also occur.

Subjective Social Status as a Predictor of Loneliness: The Moderating Effect of the Type of Long-Term Care Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 915-935
Author(s):  
Liat Ayalon
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Retirement Communities ◽  
Adult Day Care ◽  
Term Care

Much has been written about the important role that subjective social status plays in older adults’ well-being and subjective health. Less is known, however, about the potential role played by subjective social status in people’s sense of loneliness. In the present study, the author examined the role of subjective social status as a predictor of loneliness in adult day care centers (ADCCs) and continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) over a 1-year period. The main analyses consist of data from 245 respondents (141 ADCC participants and 104 CCRC residents) who completed the interviews in Waves 1 and 2. A significant interaction between subjective social status and type of long-term care setting was found. Higher levels of subjective social status were associated with lower levels of loneliness in CCRCs, but no such association was evident in ADCCs. These findings are interpreted in view of the characteristics of the CCRC as a total institution versus the ADCC as a setting that provides support for only several hours per day, several days per week.

Does Media Use Have a Short-Term Impact on Cognitive Performance?

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asja Maass ◽  
Klara Maria Klöpper ◽  
Friederike Michel ◽  
Arnold Lohaus
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Media

It has often been shown that the amount of media use is negatively related to cognitive outcomes. The more time spent on media the poorer cognitive performance is. This association has mainly been found for general-audience, violent, and action-loaded contents but not for educational contents. Typically, long-term-explanations like the time-displacement hypothesis are considered to account for this relation, although this cannot fully explain the association. Additionally short-term explanations should be considered, since it can be expected that media-induced stress can impair information processing. The present study compares short-term effects regarding memory performance and the ability to concentrate, using four different experimental conditions (high- vs. low-arousing films and video games). It was also examined if the experienced level of stress mediates group differences and if habitual media, habitual use of age-restricted contents or the trait sensation seeking moderate this mediation. Participants consisted of N = 117 university students. They were asked to learn written items before media use and to recall these after having used the media. Further, the ability to concentrate was measured. Experimental groups differed with regard to the cognitive outcome measures after media use. A significant univariate difference was found for high- vs. low-arousing contents in general (independent of type of media), the high-arousing content leading to poorer ability to concentrate after media use. The expected mediating and moderating effects are not supported. The study yields evidence that short-term mechanisms might play a role in explaining the negative correlations between media use and cognitive performance.

Men’s Social Status and Attractiveness

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Guéguen ◽  
Lubomir Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Incomes

Research has found that, for long-term dating, women value men with greater financial resources and higher status, while for short-term dating they value men with greater physical attractiveness. However, there are discrepant results for both long- and short-term dating. As most of the previous studies used only questionnaires, we conducted a field experiment to evaluate women’s receptivity to men’s date requests. Young male confederates who ostensibly had high, middle, or low incomes, depending on the experimental condition, asked young women walking down the street for their phone number. We found that men’s financial resources were positively associated with compliance with their request. Evolutionary theory proposing that women select men with greater resources for them and their offspring is used to explain the results.

scholarly journals Subjective social status predicts long-term smoking abstinence

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine R Reitzel ◽  
Michael S Businelle ◽  
Darla E Kendzor ◽  
Yisheng Li ◽  
Yumei Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Smoking Abstinence

scholarly journals Chinese and UK participants’ preferences for physical attractiveness and social status in potential mates (Registered Report)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshan Zhang ◽  
Anthony J Lee ◽  
Hongyi Wang ◽  
Lisa Marie DeBruine ◽  
Benedict C Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Budget Allocation ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Men are hypothesized to show stronger preferences for physical attractiveness in potential mates than women are, particularly when assessing the attractiveness of potential mates for short-term relationships. By contrast, women are thought to show stronger preferences for social status in potential mates than men are, particularly when assessing the attractiveness of potential mates for long-term relationships. These mate-preference sex differences are often claimed to be ‘universal’ (i.e., stable across cultures). Consequently, we used an established “budget allocation” task to investigate Chinese and UK participants’ preferences for physical attractiveness and social status in potential mates. Confirmatory analyses replicated these sex differences in both samples, consistent with the suggestion that they occur in diverse cultures. However, confirmatory analyses also showed that Chinese women had stronger preferences for social status than UK women did, suggesting cultural differences in the magnitude of mate-preference sex differences can also occur.

A lasting sting: Examining the short-term and long-term effects of real-life group rejection

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Martin ◽  
Laura Smart Richman ◽  
Mark R. Leary
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Perceived Social Status ◽  
The Impact

Although many studies have examined the short-term effects of rejection in laboratory settings, few have investigated the impact of rejection over time or in real-world contexts. The university sorority recruitment process offers a unique opportunity to address these shortcomings. Women participating in sorority recruitment were surveyed directly before recruitment, directly after recruitment, and 3 months later. Rejected women experienced decreases in all indicators of well-being directly after recruitment and did not return to baseline on depressive symptoms, positive mental health, satisfaction with life, perceived belonging, or perceived social status 3 months later. Accepted women showed no long-term changes in well-being, with the exception that happiness and perceived social status increased from baseline. A comparison group of women who did not participate in sorority recruitment showed no significant long-term changes in well-being. Perceived belonging, but not social status, significantly mediated the long-term emotional effects of rejection. These results document that rejection experiences can have long-lasting effects.

Subjective social status is indirectly associated with short-term smoking cessation through nicotine withdrawal symptoms

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532091143
Author(s):  
Adam C Alexander ◽  
Oluwakemi Olurotimi ◽  
Emily T Hébert ◽  
Chaelin Karen Ra ◽  
Michael S Businelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Nicotine Withdrawal ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Smoking Abstinence ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Insight Into

This study used data collected from a smoking cessation program ( N = 146) to evaluate whether subjective social status was indirectly associated with smoking cessation through nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Findings indicated that subjective social status was indirectly associated with smoking cessation through withdrawal symptoms, specifically through anger and anxiety symptoms. People with lower subjective social status reported more withdrawal symptoms, particularly symptoms related to anger and anxiety, shortly after a quit attempt, and as such, were less likely to achieve smoking abstinence. Findings from this study provide insight into why socioeconomically disadvantaged adults are less likely to remain abstinent after a quit attempt.

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