Action, affordances, and anorexia: body representation and basic cognition

Synthese ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 5297-5317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gadsby ◽  
Daniel Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Representation ◽  
Basic Cognition

How to grow a self: development of the self in a Bayesian brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Wozniak
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Bayesian Brain ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Complex Forms

The last two decades have brought several attempts to explain the self as a part of the Bayesian brain, typically within the framework of predictive coding. However, none of these attempts have looked comprehensively at the developmental aspect of self-representation. The goal of this paper is to argue that looking at the developmental trajectory is crucial for understanding the structure of an adult self-representation. The paper argues that the emergence of the self should be understood as an instance of conceptual development, which in the context of a Bayesian brain can be understood as a process of acquisition of new internal models of hidden causes of sensory input. The paper proposes how such models might emerge and develop over the course of human life by looking at different stages of development of bodily and extra-bodily self-representations. It argues that the self arises gradually in a series of discrete steps: from first-person multisensory representations of one’s body to third-person multisensory body representation, and from basic forms of the extended and social selves to progressively more complex forms of abstract self-representation. It discusses how each of them might emerge based on domain-general learning mechanisms, while also taking into account the potential role of innate representations. Finally it suggests how the conceptual structure of self-representation might inform the debate about the structure of self-consciousness.

Effects of Robotic Neurorehabilitation on Body Representation in Individuals with Stroke: A Preliminary Study Focusing on an EEG-Based Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Maggio ◽  
Antonino Naro ◽  
Alfredo Manuli ◽  
Giuseppa Maresca ◽  
Tina Balletta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Representation ◽  
Preliminary Study

Body representation in people with apraxia post Stroke– an observational study

Brain Injury ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Donncha Lane ◽  
Alessia Tessari ◽  
Giovanni Ottoboni ◽  
Jonathan Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Post Stroke

The Role of Hand Size in the Fake-Hand Illusion Paradigm

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5853 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1547-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pavani ◽  
Massimiliano Zampini
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Video Image ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
Hand Size ◽  
Visible Hand

When a hand (either real or fake) is stimulated in synchrony with our own hand concealed from view, the felt position of our own hand can be biased toward the location of the seen hand. This intriguing phenomenon relies on the brain's ability to detect statistical correlations in the multisensory inputs (ie visual, tactile, and proprioceptive), but it is also modulated by the pre-existing representation of one's own body. Nonetheless, researchers appear to have accepted the assumption that the size of the seen hand does not matter for this illusion to occur. Here we used a real-time video image of the participant's own hand to elicit the illusion, but we varied the hand size in the video image so that the seen hand was either reduced, veridical, or enlarged in comparison to the participant's own hand. The results showed that visible-hand size modulated the illusion, which was present for veridical and enlarged images of the hand, but absent when the visible hand was reduced. These findings indicate that very specific aspects of our own body image (ie hand size) can constrain the multisensory modulation of the body schema highlighted by the fake-hand illusion paradigm. In addition, they suggest an asymmetric tendency to acknowledge enlarged (but not reduced) images of body parts within our body representation.

scholarly journals Interoceptive Anxiety and Body Representation in Anorexia Nervosa

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahib S. Khalsa ◽  
Mahlega S. Hassanpour ◽  
Michael Strober ◽  
Michelle G. Craske ◽  
Armen C. Arevian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Representation

Vibration Instability in a Large Motion Bistable Compliant Mechanism Due to Stribeck Friction

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alborz Niknam ◽  
Kambiz Farhang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Sliding Velocity ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Stribeck Effect ◽  
State Response ◽  
Excited Vibration ◽  
Large Motion

The present paper investigates friction-induced self-excited vibration of a bistable compliant mechanism. A pseudo-rigid-body representation of the mechanism is used containing a hardening nonlinear spring and a viscous damper. The mass is suspended from above with the spring-damper combination leading to the addition of geometric nonlinearity in the equation of motion and position- and velocity-dependent normal contact force. Friction input provided by a moving belt in contact with the mass. An exponentially decaying function of sliding velocity describes the friction coefficient and, thereby, incorporates Stribeck effect of friction. Eigenvalue analysis is employed to investigate the local stability of the steady-state fixed points. It is observed that the oscillator experiences pitchfork and Hopf bifurcations. The effects of the spring nonlinearity and precompression, viscous damping, belt velocity, and the applied normal force on the number, position, and stability of the equilibrium points are investigated. Global system behavior is studied by establishing trajectory maps of the system. Critical belt speed is derived analytically and shown to be only the result of Stribeck effect of friction. It is found that one equilibrium point dominates the steady-state response for very low damping and negligible spring nonlinearity. The presence of damping and/or spring nonlinearity tends to diminish this dominance.

scholarly journals Meditation Experience Predicts Introspective Accuracy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran Fox ◽  
Matt Dixon ◽  
Melissa Ellamil ◽  
Evan Thompson ◽  
Kalina Christoff
Keyword(s):  
Body Representation ◽  
Discrimination Threshold ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Tactile Sensitivity ◽  
Body Scanning ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Meditation Experience ◽  
Subjective Reports

The accuracy of subjective reports, especially those involving introspection of one’s own internal processes, remains unclear, and research has demonstrated large individual differences in introspective accuracy. It has been hypothesized that introspective accuracy may be heightened in persons who engage in meditation practices, due to the highly introspective nature of such practices. We undertook a preliminary exploration of this hypothesis, examining introspective accuracy in a cross-section of meditation practitioners (1–15,000 hrs experience). Introspective accuracy was assessed by comparing subjective reports of tactile sensitivity for each of 20 body regions during a ‘body-scanning’ meditation with averaged, objective measures of tactile sensitivity (mean size of body representation area in primary somatosensory cortex; two-point discrimination threshold) as reported in prior research. Expert meditators showed significantly better introspective accuracy than novices; overall meditation experience also significantly predicted individual introspective accuracy. These resultssuggest that long-term meditators provide more accurate introspective reports than novices.

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