Herd and individual animal prevalence of bovine brucellosis with associated risk factors on dairy farms in Haryana and Punjab in India

A cross-sectional study was conducted on selected dairy farms in and around Jimma town, Oromia, southwestern Ethiopia from November 2019 to May 2020 to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo (L. hardjo). Furthermore, information was gathered on individual animal and herd level by using pretested semistructured questionnaire to assess associated risk factors. A stratified and simple random sampling procedure was used for the selection of dairy farms and individual animal’s, respectively. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) was used in this study to detect antibody against L. hardjo. Out of 384 animal’s sera, 94 animals were seropositive against L. hardjo antibodies. From 77 dairy farms selected for the study, 57 of them were distinguished as positive for L. hardjo. The overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis caused by L. hardjo was 24.48% (95% CI: 20.18%–28.78%) and 74.03% (95% CI: 64.23%–83.82%) at individual animal and farm level, respectively. The result of multilogistic regression analysis revealed that management system ( p < 0.05; OR = 4.25 (95% CI: 2.31–7.82)), hygienic status of the farm ( p < 0.05; OR = 0.35 (95% CI: 0.20–0.61)), age of animals ( p < 0.05; OR = 8.30 (95% CI: 1.87–36.89)), history of abortion ( p < 0.05; OR = 8.37 (95% CI: 1.73–40.42)), herd size ( p < 0.05; OR = 2.32 (95% CI: 1.17–4.61)), and access of rodents to the farm ( p < 0.05; OR = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.03–0.86)) were significantly associated with the occurrence of L. hardjo infection. However, breed, parity, and introduction of new animals to the farm were insignificantly associated ( p > 0.05). Management system of the animal, hygienic status of the farm, herd size, age of animals, previous history of abortion, and access of rodents to the farm were identified as potential risk factors of L. hardjo disease occurrence. Thus, limiting rodents contact with cattle and their feed and water as well as good sanitary practices and husbandry management should be undertaken.

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Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in bovine milk and associated risk factors among dairy farms of Punjab, India

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2021.2697 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

H. Thukral ◽

P. Dhaka ◽

J. Singh Bedi ◽

R. Singh Aulakh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

European Union ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Buffalo Milk ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Mean Concentration

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk and milk products may pose a major public health concern. The present cross-sectional study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of AFM1 in bovine milk across all districts of Punjab, India and to identify the associated animal and farm level risk factors. A total of 402 milk samples (266 cow milk and 136 buffalo milk) were analysed using commercial ELISA and representative samples were confirmed using HPLC-FLD. The results revealed that 56.2 and 13.4% of the milk samples exceeded the maximum levels of the European Union, i.e. 0.05 μg/l and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), i.e. 0.5 μg/l for AFM1 in milk, respectively. On analysis of species variation, buffalo milk (prevalence: 56.6%; mean concentration: 0.42±0.9 μg/l) was found to have higher AFM1 levels than cow milk (prevalence: 56.0%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.3 μg/l), with statistically significant difference between mean concentrations (P<0.01) and non-significant difference between AFM1 prevalence (P=0.91). Furthermore, milk from commercial dairy farms (prevalence: 64.7%; mean concentration: 0.34±0.65 μg/l) was found to be more contaminated than from household dairy establishments (prevalence: 47.8%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.65 μg/l). The risk factors ‘above average milk yield/day’ (odds ratio (OR): 2.4) and ‘poor animal hygiene’ (OR: 1.9) were identified at animal level, and ‘intensive dairy farming’ (OR: 3.1) and ‘animal feed without aflatoxin binder’ (OR: 4.7) as farm level risk factors for AFM1 excretion above maximum levels of European Union in milk. Among cow breeds, the milk from ‘non-descript’ breed (OR: 11.5) was found to be most contaminated with AFM1 and the least from Jersey breed (OR: 1.0). The present study highlighted the presence of AFM1 in milk samples; therefore, regular monitoring of AFM1 in milk is required so that high risk regions and associated risk factors can be addressed appropriately.

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The Incidence of Morbidity and Mortality in Calves from Birth to Six Months of Age and Associated Risk Factors on Dairy Farms in the City of Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3927602 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Debele Hordofa ◽

Fufa Abunna ◽

Bekele Megersa ◽

Rahmeto Abebe

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

The City

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Prevalence and associated risk factors for bovine brucellosis in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5supl2p3413 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (5Supl2) ◽

pp. 3413

Author(s):

Erivânia Camelo de Almeida ◽

Aderaldo Alexandrino Freitas ◽

Késia Alcântara Queiroz Pontual ◽

Marcília Maria Alves Souza ◽

Marcos Amaku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Complement Fixation Test ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

The State ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Bovine Brucellosis ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Positive Animal

This study was conducted to characterize the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The state was divided into three regions, and in each region, approximately 300 properties were randomly sampled. From these selected properties, a pre-established number of animals were randomly selected and blood serum samples were obtained. A total of 3,901 animals were selected from 900 properties. For each selected property, an epidemiological questionnaire was administered to assess the type of farming, the animal husbandry practices and the sanitary practices that could be associated with the presence of brucellosis infection. The testing protocol consisted of screening the samples with a buffered acidified plate antigen test and retesting the positive samples with a complement fixation test (CF). One positive animal was enough to define an infected herd. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in the state were 4.5% [3.2; 6.4%] and 1.4% [0.7; 2.7%], respectively. By region, the prevalence rates of infected herds and animals, respectively, were as follows: Zona da Mata, 3.3% [1.8; 6.1%] and 1.7% [0.5; 3.0%]; Agreste, 7.4% [4.9; 10.9%] and 1.9% [0.8; 3.0%]; and Sertão, 1.3% [0.5; 3.5%] and 0.7% [0.0; 1.6%]. Flooded pastures (OR = 2.86 [1.37; 6.42]) and the presence of 13 or more females in the herd (3rd quartile) (OR = 2.65 [1.19; 5.89]) were identified as risk factors. The existence of veterinary care emerged as a protective factor against bovine brucellosis in the state of Pernambuco (OR = 0.24 [0.10; 0.58]).

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Seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in cattle from smallholder dairy farms in Zimbabwe

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-011-9794-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 975-982 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Gift Matope ◽

Evison Bhebhe ◽

John Bwalya Muma ◽

James Oloya ◽

Rachel L. Madekurozwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Smallholder Dairy ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Smallholder Dairy Farms

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors in Gudeya Bila and Boneya Boshe Districts of East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Ethiopian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/evj.v24i1.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tolesa Neggasa ◽

Feyissa Begna ◽

Moti Wakgari ◽

Sisay Shibashi ◽

Eshetu Gezahegn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Previous History ◽

Individual Animal ◽

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽

African Countries ◽

Herd Level ◽

Mycoplasma Mycoides ◽

History Of ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) remains a huge threat to cattle production in sub Saharan African countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular. A cross sectional study was conducted between November, 2017 and June, 2018 to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CBPP in the Gudeya Bila and Boneya Boshe districts of East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State. The study was conducted on 384 cattle with no history of vaccination against CBPP, using systematic random sampling technique. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal and tested by competitive ELISA. Information on risk factors influencing the occurrence of CBPP was collected using questionnaire survey. Data obtained from both serological and questionnaire surveys were analyzed by using SPSS software version 20. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of exposure variables with anti-mycoplasma mycoides subspecies small colony antibodies. The results indicated that, the overall seroprevalence of CBPP at individual animal-level and herd-level was 8.6% and 26.3%, respectively. There was a statistically significant association in the sero-prevalence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MMmsSC) antibody (P< 0.05) with the poor body condition score, origin of animals (purchasing from outside of herd) and previous history of CBPP disease at individual animal and large herd size at herd level. This study showed that the overall prevalence of CBPP in study area was high. This warrants the implementation of appropriate preventive and control practice. Keywords: Boneya Boshe, Bovine, CBPP, c-ELISA, Ethiopia, Gudeya Bila, Sero-prevalence

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Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis and Associated Risk Factors in Western Ethiopia

Veterinary Medicine Research and Reports ◽

10.2147/vmrr.s338930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol Volume 12 ◽

pp. 317-324

Author(s):

Demiso Sima ◽

Debela Abdeta Ifa ◽

Akililu Likasa Merga ◽

Eyob Hirpa Tola

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Brucellosis ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Western Ethiopia

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The variable prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among dairy herds in Central Ethiopia provides opportunities for targeted intervention

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254091

Author(s):

Gizat Almaw ◽

Andrew J. K. Conlan ◽

Gobena Ameni ◽

Balako Gumi ◽

Alemseged Alemu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Herd Size ◽

P Value ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Individual Animal ◽

Central Ethiopia ◽

High Prevalence

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease for dairy productivity, as well as having the potential for zoonotic transmission. Previous prevalence studies of bTB in the dairy sector in central Ethiopia have suggested high prevalence, however, they have been limited to relatively small scale surveys, raising concerns about their representativeness. Here we carried out a cross sectional one-stage cluster sampling survey taking the dairy herd as a cluster to estimate the prevalence of bTB in dairy farms in six areas of central Ethiopia. The survey, which to date is by far the largest in the area in terms of the number of dairy farms, study areas and risk factors explored, took place from March 2016 to May 2017. This study combined tuberculin skin testing and the collection of additional herd and animal level data by questionnaire to identify potential risk factors contributing to bTB transmission. We applied the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test using >4mm cut-off for considering an individual animal as positive for bTB; at least one reactor animal was required for a herd to be considered bTB positive. Two hundred ninety-nine dairy herds in the six study areas were randomly selected, from which 5,675 cattle were tested. The overall prevalence of bTB after standardisation for herd-size in the population was 54.4% (95% CI 48.7–60%) at the herd level, and it was 24.5% (95% CI 23.3–25.8) at the individual animal level. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with herd and area as random effect was used to explore risk factors association with bTB status. We found that herd size, age, bTB history at farm, and breed were significant risk factors for animals to be SICCT positive. Animals from large herds had 8.3 times the odds of being tuberculin reactor (OR: 8.3, p-value:0.008) as compared to animals from small herds. The effect of age was strongest for animals 8–10 years of age (the oldest category) having 8.9 times the odds of being tuberculin reactors (OR: 8.9, p-value:<0.001) compared to the youngest category. The other identified significant risk factors were bTB history at farm (OR: 5.2, p-value:0.003) and cattle breed (OR: 2.5, p-value: 0.032). Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of bTB in central Ethiopia but with a large variation in within-herd prevalence between herds, findings that lays an important foundation for the future development of control strategies.

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