scholarly journals Measuring raw-material criticality of product systems through an economic product importance indicator: a case study of battery-electric vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hauke Lütkehaus ◽  
Christian Pade ◽  
Matthias Oswald ◽  
Urte Brand ◽  
Tobias Naegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicle ◽  
Product System ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
System Vulnerability ◽  
Specific Evaluation

Abstract Purpose The concept of criticality concerns the probability and the possible impacts of shortages in raw-material supply and is usually applied to regional economies or specific industries. With more and more products being highly dependent on potentially critical raw materials, efforts are being made to also incorporate criticality into the framework of life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, there is still some need for methodological development of indicators to measure raw-material criticality in LCSA. Methods We therefore introduce ‘economic product importance’ (EPI) as a novel parameter for the product-specific evaluation of the relevance and significance of a certain raw material for a particular product system. We thereby consider both the actual raw-material flows (life cycle inventories) and the life cycle cost. The EPI thus represents a measure for the material-specific product-system vulnerability (another component being the substitutability). Combining the product-system vulnerability of a specific product system towards a certain raw material with the supply disruption probability of that same raw material then yields the product-system specific overall criticality with regard to that raw material. In order to demonstrate our novel approach, we apply it to a case study on a battery-electric vehicle. Results Since our approach accounts for the actual amounts of raw materials used in a product and relates their total share of costs to the overall costs of the product, no under- or over-estimation of the mere presence of the raw materials with respect to their relevance for the product system occurs. Consequently, raw materials, e.g. rare earth elements, which are regularly rated highly critical, do not necessarily reach higher criticality ranks within our approach, if they are either needed in very small amounts only or if their share in total costs of the respective product system is very low. Accordingly, in our case study on a battery-electric vehicle product system, most rare earth elements are ranked less critical than bulk materials such as copper or aluminium. Conclusion Our EPI approach constitutes a step forward towards a methodology for the raw-material criticality assessment within the LCSA framework, mainly because it allows a product-specific evaluation of product-system vulnerability. Furthermore, it is compatible with common methods for the supply disruption probability calculation — such as GeoPolRisk, ESP or ESSENZ — as well as with available substitutability evaluations. The practicability and usefulness of our approach has been shown by applying it to a battery-electric vehicle.

scholarly journals Sustainability of Extraction of Raw Material by a Combination of Mobile and Stationary Mining Machines and Optimization of Machine Life Cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10454
Author(s):  
Katarína Teplická ◽  
Martin Straka
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Distribution ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
The Impact

This article summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of using mining machines and their life cycle. The main goal of the article is to investigate the impact of a combination of mobile and stationary mining machines and their optimal distribution in the mining process to increase the efficiency of mining and processing of raw materials. The following methods of research were focused on the use of technical indicators for the valuation efficiency of the mining process: a simulation method was used for the distribution of mining machines, comparison analysis was used for the real and past state of mining machines, and a decision tree was used as managerial instrument for optimal alternatives of mining machines. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that optimal distribution of mining machines and machine parks is very important for mining companies. The benefit of this research for the mining company was the new location of the machines and the combination of stationary production lines and mobile equipment. The optimal layout of the machines reduced the number of conveyor belts and improved the transfer of limestone processing to mobile devices, saving time, which was reflected in transport costs. The results can be useful for other mining companies seeking to create an optimal machine park.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Assessment for Construction Materials’ Environmental Safety

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Мануйлова ◽  
Natalia Manuylova ◽  
Булычев ◽  
Sergey Bulychev ◽  
Горбачев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Properties ◽  
Proper Material

Problems related to a comprehensive assessment of construction materials’ environmental safety, taking into account stages of products’ complete life cycle have been considered. Approaches to determination of material’s safety and environmental record as environmental characteristics of the material, regardless of its use in a specific product, and without regard to processing technology have been described. It has been proposed to consider material’s safety and environmental record as the sum of three environmental safety factors for material’s life cycle stages: production of raw material and its potential environmental hazard; processing of raw material in the material; proper material from the standpoint of its environmental safety and effects on the human body. This criterion application allows compare the environmental properties both of cognate materials and dissimilar ones.

A Life-Cycle Based Approach to the Remanufacturing Printing Supplies in Shanghai

2014 ◽  
Vol 878 ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhou ◽  
Jing Wei Wang ◽  
Jian Feng Bai ◽  
Wen Jie Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Waste Stream ◽  
Environmental Loads ◽  
Pollution Emission ◽  
Great Pressure ◽  
Acidification Potential ◽  
Toner Cartridge

With the fast growing of printing supplies industry in Shanghai, it creates a large waste stream of obsolete printing supplies and causes great pressure on the environment. The information of remanufacturing printing supplies in Shanghai is gathered and waste stream is analyzed. As a case study of original toner cartridge and remanufacturing toner cartridge is compared in the context of life cycle methodology. The results show raw materials, energy consumption and pollution emission of the remanufactured toner cartridge are less than these of original toner cartridge. Environmental loads equitant including global warming potential, acidification potential, photo-oxidant formation potential, solid waste and fume from remanufacturing toner cartridge are cut 3.61%, 3.84%, 15.24% and 22.52% comparing to original toner cartridge. Its significance is that remanufacturing printing supplies can be more profitable and less harmful to the external environment than conventional manufacturing process. It also discusses strategies for lowering the environmental burden to promote the remanufacturing printing supplies in Shanghai.

The Green Browser: An Information Sharing Tool for Product Life Cycle Design

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Kurakawa ◽  
Takashi Kiriyama ◽  
Yasunori Baba ◽  
Hideki Kobayashi ◽  
Yasushi Umeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Conceptual Scheme ◽  
Life Cycle Model ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Life Cycle Design ◽  
Strategy Model

Abstract This paper presents the concept and implementation of the Green Browser, which enables designers and consumers to share environmental information. We propose the conceptual scheme of the Green Browser called green life cycle model. This model is intended to represent the product’s environmental impacts over the stages of raw materials, use, recycling, and disposal. The Green Browser has been implemented using WWW and MOO to be able to deal with the strategy model, which is the key element of the green life cycle model. A case study on building the strategy model of refrigerator is presented to illustrate the strategy model.

Gold Prospecting With Factorial Cokriging In The Limousin, France

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Wackernagel ◽  
Henri Sanguinetti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Geological Interpretation ◽  
Geological Body ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Geological Phenomenon

In geochemical prospecting for gold a major difficulty is that many values are below the chemical detection limit. Tracers for gold thus play an important role in the evaluation of multivariate geochemical data. In this case study we apply geostatistical methods presented in Wackernagel (1988) to multielement exploration data from a prospect near Limoges, France. The analysis relies upon a metallogenetic model by Bonnemaison and Marcoux (1987, 1990) describing auriferous mineralization in shear zones of the Limousin. The aim of geochemical exploration is to find deposits of raw materials. What is a deposit? It is a geological anomaly which has a significant average content of a given raw material and enough spatial extension to have economic value. The geological body denned by an anomaly is generally buried at a specific depth and may be detectable at the surface through indices. These indices, which we shall call superficial anomalies, are disposed in three manners: at isolated locations, along faults, and as dispersion halos. These two definitions of the word "anomaly" correspond to a vision of the geological phenomenon in its full continuity. Yet in exploration geochemistry only a discrete perception of the phenomenon is possible through samples taken along a regularly meshed grid. A superficial anomaly thus can be apprehended by one or several samples or it can escape the grip of the geochemist when it is located between the nodes of the mesh. A geochemical anomaly, in the strict sense, only exists at the nodes of the sampling grid and we shall distinguish between: a pointwise anomaly defined on a single sample, and a groupwise anomaly defined on several neighboring samples. This distinction is important both upstream, for the geological interpretation of geochemical measurements, and downstream, at the level of geostatistical manipulation of the data. It will condition an exploration strategy on the basis of the data representations used in this case study. A pointwise anomaly, i.e., a high, isolated value of the material being sought, will correspond either to a geological phenomenon of limited extent or to a well hidden deposit.

scholarly journals Tackling xEV Battery Chemistry in View of Raw Material Supply Shortfalls

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Karabelli ◽  
Steffen Kiemel ◽  
Soumya Singh ◽  
Jan Koller ◽  
Simone Ehrenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Critical Materials ◽  
The Impact

The growing number of Electric Vehicles poses a serious challenge at the end-of-life for battery manufacturers and recyclers. Manufacturers need access to strategic or critical materials for the production of a battery system. Recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries may ensure a constant supply of critical materials, thereby closing the material cycle in the context of a circular economy. However, the resource-use per cell and thus its chemistry is constantly changing, due to supply disruption or sharply rising costs of certain raw materials along with higher performance expectations from electric vehicle-batteries. It is vital to further explore the nickel-rich cathodes, as they promise to overcome the resource and cost problems. With this study, we aim to analyze the expected development of dominant cell chemistries of Lithium-Ion Batteries until 2030, followed by an analysis of the raw materials availability. This is accomplished with the help of research studies and additional experts’ survey which defines the scenarios to estimate the battery chemistry evolution and the effect it has on a circular economy. In our results, we will discuss the annual demand for global e-mobility by 2030 and the impact of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt based cathode chemistries on a sustainable economy. Estimations beyond 2030 are subject to high uncertainty due to the potential market penetration of innovative technologies that are currently under research (e.g. solid-state Lithium-Ion and/or sodium-based batteries).

The Implementation of Genetic Algorithm in the Manufacturing Process of a Product for Reduced Environmental Impact: A Case Study of a Pulley Crankshaft

2015 ◽  
Vol 761 ◽  
pp. 651-655
Author(s):  
Hazwan Syafiq ◽  
Zahari Taha ◽  
Razali Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Minimal Environmental Impact

Life Cycle Assessment or LCA method is believed to be a good solution to improve sustainability in a manufacturing process. This method allows designers to identify opportunities to improve the environmental aspects of products at various points in their life cycle. In this paper, the implementation of LCA through the development of an Environmental Impact Assessment Tool (EIAT) is demonstrated via a case study of Volkswagen pulley crankshaft. EIAT is a tool that aids designers to improve the environmental impact in a manufacturing process by designing or producing products with minimal environmental impact and minimal use of resources, such as the material and energy. EIAT also offers the optimization of design solutions to reduce potential environmental impact of a specific product according to its design features. A pulley crankshaft was modelled in a CAD system where the form is fixed to maintain its function. Pulley crankshaft features, such as the type of material, diameter of pocket, stock thickness and diameter are the parameters that were optimized through the Genetic Algorithm encoded in EIAT. EIAT was validated with Eco-It (an established LCA tool) and with actual experiments. Results show a difference of less than 9% error between EIAT with the results produced by Eco-It and the actual experiments.

scholarly journals Method for Quantifying Supply and Demand of Construction Minerals in Urban Regions—A Case Study of Hanoi and Its Hinterland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4358
Author(s):  
Georg Schiller ◽  
Tamara Bimesmeier ◽  
Anh T.V. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Urban Structures

Urbanization is a global trend: Since 2007 more than 50% of the world’s population have been living in urban areas, and rates of urbanization are continuing to rise everywhere. This growth in urbanization has led to an increased demand for natural resources, in particular non-metallic minerals such as stones, sand and clay, which account for one third of the entire flow of materials. Generally, these materials are traded within regional markets. This close geographical link between the demand for building materials in urban areas and the material supply in the hinterland leads to massive interventions in the natural environment and landscape. These urban–rural linkages can be revealed by applying Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to the built environment in order to trace the flows of building materials. The objective of this paper is to present a method for quantifying regional material flows by considering the supply and demand of building materials. This will be applied to the Vietnamese case study area of Hanoi and its hinterland province Hoa Binh. The results indicate a consumption of almost 60% of the construction mineral reserves in total secured by planning in the hinterland province considering a period of 15 years. However, this does not allow for the general conclusion that raw materials are sufficiently available. The sand reservoirs are only sufficient for eight years and clay reserves are used up after four years. This increases the need to exploit further raw material reserves, which are becoming increasingly scarce and results in stronger interventions in nature In order to safeguard the hinterland from the negative impacts of urbanization, a new understanding of resource efficiency is needed—one that acknowledges both resource efficiency in the construction of urban structures and appropriate resource conservation in the provision of the raw materials from the hinterland. This will require the creation of new integrated planning approaches between urban and regional planning authorities. Regional MFA is one way of realising such an approach.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Short-Term Forecasting Accuracy on Battery Electric Vehicle between Modified Bass and Lotka-Volterra Model: A Case Study of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunxi Li ◽  
Hang Chen ◽  
Guofang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Bass Model ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicle ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Good Prediction Accuracy

The potential demand of battery electric vehicle (BEV) is the base of the decision-making to the government policy formulation, enterprise manufacture capacity expansion, and charging infrastructure construction. How to predict the future amount of BEV accurately is very important to the development of BEV both in practice and in theory. The present paper tries to compare the short-term accuracy of a proposed modified Bass model and Lotka-Volterra (LV) model, by taking China’s BEV development as the case study. Using the statistics data of China’s BEV amount of 21 months from Jan 2015 to Sep 2016, we compare the simulation accuracy based on the value of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and discuss the forecasting capacity of the two models according to China’s government expectation. According to the MAPE value, the two models have good prediction accuracy, but the Bass model is more accurate than LV model. Bass model has only one dimension and focuses on the diffusion trend, while LV model has two dimensions and mainly describes the relationship and competing process between the two populations. In future research, the forecasting advantages of Bass model and LV model should be combined to get more accurate predicting effect.

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