scholarly journals On Defining “Reliance” and “Trust”: Purposes, Conditions of Adequacy, and New Definitions

Philosophia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl de Fine Licht ◽  
Bengt Brülde
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Related Concept ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Strong Belief ◽  
Common Resources ◽  
Conceptual Discussion ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractTrust is often perceived as having great value. For example, there is a strong belief that trust will bring different sorts of public goods and help us preserve common resources. A related concept which is just as important, but perhaps not explicitly discussed to the same extent as “trust”, is “reliance” or “confidence”. To be able to rely on some agent is often seen as a prerequisite for being able to trust this agent. Up to now, the conceptual discussion about the definition of trust and reliance has been rational in the sense that most people involved have offered arguments for their respective views, or against competing views. While these arguments rely on some criterion or other, these criteria are rarely explicitly stated, and to our knowledge, no systematic account of such criteria has been offered. In this paper we give an account of what criteria we should use to assess tentative definitions of “trust” and “reliance”. We will also offer our own well-founded definitions of “trust” and “reliance”. Trust should be regarded as a kind of reliance and we defend what we call “the accountability view” of trust, by appealing to the desiderata we identify in the first parts of the paper.

The basic structure, typology, functions, revenues and expenditure of the tertiary sector in the U.S.

2021 ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Alexey Shlihter
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Local Levels ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Self Organizing

The article attempts to present the multifaceted world of the American tertiary sector; explains the need for using non-market instruments in order to provide public goods; clarifies relations and connections of the tertiary sector organizations with the state and business. The definition of the tertiary sector as forming a horizontal multidimensional, multi-vector, growing and self-organizing system of naturally developing relations between people is given. The system is seen as a collection of communities emerging and functioning at the national and local levels, with one of their main tasks being to provide people with the opportunity to communicate and make important decisions, based on similar practical and spiritual interests.

scholarly journals Nędza koncepcji globalnych dóbr publicznych

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3(60)) ◽  
pp. 269-287
Author(s):  
Dominik Kopiński ◽  
Andrzej Polus
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Microeconomic Theory ◽  
Earth Atmosphere ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
Global Citizens ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Definition Of

The Poverty of the Concept of Global Public Goods The concept of global public goods (GPG) reflects an attempt to replicate a microeconomic theory of public goods to the domain of international relations (IR). According to economic definition of public goods, which have two properties – non-rivalry and non-exclusivity, pure GPG can be consumed universally and simultaneously by (ideally) all global citizens; at the same time, no society can be excluded from its consumption. Classic examples of GPG include earth atmosphere, knowledge or financial stability. Notwithstanding the fact that pure public goods are incredibly rare, the very definition of GPG is highly problematic. This article is intended as an intervention in a critical debate about the true meaning of the GPGs. Its authors argue that to date the academic community has failed to agree on an intersubjective understanding of GPG. They also claim that the current functioning of the concept in the discourse within IR is “poor”, i.e. it is insufficiently rigorous, blurred and methodologically inconsistent. On the flip side, the way GPG has found its way to IR reflects some of the main problems that the field has been recently immersed in.

scholarly journals Shame and honour drive cooperation

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Jacquet ◽  
Christoph Hauert ◽  
Arne Traulsen ◽  
Manfred Milinski
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Resources ◽  
Public Goods Experiments ◽  
The Commons

Can the threat of being shamed or the prospect of being honoured lead to greater cooperation? We test this hypothesis with anonymous six-player public goods experiments, an experimental paradigm used to investigate problems related to overusing common resources. We instructed the players that the two individuals who were least generous after 10 rounds would be exposed to the group. As the natural antithesis, we also test the effects of honour by revealing the identities of the two players who were most generous. The non-monetary, reputational effects induced by shame and honour each led to approximately 50 per cent higher donations to the public good when compared with the control, demonstrating that both shame and honour can drive cooperation and can help alleviate the tragedy of the commons.

Political Corruption in the United States: A Design Draft

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (01) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitai Etzioni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Contemporary United States

AbstractTo establish the scope and level of corruption in the contemporary United States, a collaborative project of political scientists is needed. Such a study should start with explicating the definition of corruption various scholars use. Three are noted here: using public goods for personal gains, deflecting public goods to private groups, and making such moves when these are legal although they are still illicit. To assess corruption on these levels, we must consider that various forms that “capture” takes beyond the corruption of the laws themselves. A study of the major differences in the level of corruption among the three branches of government may improve our understanding of the prevalence and causes of corruption. A study of “rent” may help predict that future course of corruption. Other topics whose study warrants collaborative investigation are listed.

The paragenesis of kyanite-eclogites

1936 ◽  
Vol 24 (155) ◽  
pp. 422-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Account ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Definition Of

In Haüy's original definition of eclogite, the presence of kyanite as an accessory constituent was recognized, and it is apparent that he was familiar with examples from the Sau Alps and Styria. The best known of eclogites—those of the Bavarian Fichtelgebirge (e.g. Silberbach, Weissenstein, and Eppenreuth)—contain significant kyanite interspersed among the omphacite grains or associated with accessory quartz and muscovite in the rocks. Of these rocks rather extended descriptions have been published. Analyses of the minerals and the rocks themselves belong to an early date and do not reach the standard of modern analyses. Later, Drill (1902) published a systematic account of these Bavarian eclogites and has added an analysis of an eelogite with kyanite from Unterpferdt near Silberbach and an analysis of a garnet from a Silberbach eclogite.

“But one kind” of Life

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-472
Author(s):  
Seth McKelvey
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Related Concept ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Subjective Theory ◽  
Diminishing Marginal Utility ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Carl Menger ◽  
Definition Of

Seth McKelvey, “‘But one kind’ of Life: Thoreau’s Subjective Theory of Value in Walden” (pp. 448–472) Literary scholars generally take for granted Henry David Thoreau’s hostility to market exchange in Walden (1854). I argue, however, that Thoreau anticipates the subjective theory of value and the related concept of diminishing marginal utility, offering glimpses of ideas that would not be formalized in economics until after his death but that should nevertheless align him with a long lineage of free market thinkers. Thoreau does not reject the marketplace as a means to achieve his own best interests, but rather challenges his society’s definition of what those interests should be, attacking the misguided desire to accumulate excessive material wealth and the burdensome labor that attends such aspirations. I juxtapose the economics put forth in Walden with the work of Austrian free market economist Carl Menger in order to illustrate how Thoreau can so vehemently oppose the materialistic obsessions of capitalism while simultaneously remaining amenable to the principles of free exchange.

»Public Goods and Common Resources

Economics ◽  
2006 ◽  
pp. 475-492
Author(s):  
Paul Krugman ◽  
Robin Wells
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Common Resources

Public Goods and Common Resources

2015 ◽  
pp. 652-682
Author(s):  
Paul Krugman ◽  
Robin Wells
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Common Resources

The Description of Formative Judaism: The Social Perspective of the Mishnah's System of Civil Law and Government

AJS Review ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 63-79
Author(s):  
Jacob Neusner
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Temple

Mishnah's division of Damages presents a complete and systematic account of a theory of Israelite civil law and government. While drawing on diverse materials of earlier ages, beginning, of course, with the diverse Mosaic codes themselves, Mishnah's system came to closure after the Bar Kokhba War. Like its account of the Temple and its cult, Mishnah here speaks of nonexistent institutions and prohibited activities. There being no Israelite government, Mishnah's legislation for a high priest and Temple, a king and an army, speaks of a world which may have been in times past (this is dubious) but did not exist at the time of the Mishnaic discourse on the subject. The division of damages is composed of two subsystems which fit together logically, one on the conduct of civil society—commerce, trade, real estate, the other on the institutions of civil society—courts, administration. The main point of the former subsystem is that the task of society is to maintain perfect stasis, to preserve the status quo, and to secure the stability of all transactions. In the interchange of buying and selling, giving and taking, torts and damages, there must be an essential equality of exchange. No one should come out with more than he had at the outset. There should be no sizable shift in fortune or circumstance. The stable and unchanging economy of society must be preserved. The aim of the law is to restore the antecedent status of a person who has been injured. When we ask whose perspective is represented in a system of such a character and such emphases, we turn to examine the recurrent subject-matter of the division's cases. The subject of all predicates, in fact, is the householder, the small landholder. The definition of the problems for Mishnah's attention accords with the matters of concrete concern to the proprietary class: responsible, undercapitalized, overextended, committed to a barter economy (in a world of specie and currency), above all, aching for a stable and reliable world in which to do its work.

scholarly journals Hyperbolic linear invariance and hyperbolic k-convexity

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wancang Ma ◽  
David Minda
Keyword(s):  
Unit Disk ◽  
Function Theory ◽  
Univalent Functions ◽  
Holomorphic Functions ◽  
Geometric Function Theory ◽  
Related Concept ◽  
Invariant Functions ◽  
Geometric Function ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Phenomena

AbstractPommerenke initiated the study of linearly invariant families of locally schlicht holomorphic functions defined on the unit disk The concept of linear invariance has proved fruitful in geometric function theory. One aspect of Pommerenke's work is the extension of certain results from classical univalent function theory to linearly invariant functions. We propose a definition of a related concept that we call hyperbolic linear invariance for locally schlicht holomorphic functions that map the unit disk into itself. We obtain results for hyperbolic linearly invariant functions which generalize parts of the theory of bounded univalent functions. There are many similarities between linearly invariant functions and hyperbolic linearly invariant functions, but some new phenomena also arise in the study of hyperbolic linearly invariant functions.

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