scholarly journals Which Vaccine? The Cost of Religious Freedom in Vaccination Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Giubilini ◽  
Julian Savulescu ◽  
Dominic Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Public Health Strategies ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Foetal Cell

AbstractWe discuss whether and under what conditions people should be allowed to choose which COVID-19 vaccine to receive on the basis of personal ethical views. The problem arises primarily with regard to some religious groups’ concerns about the connection between certain COVID-19 vaccines and abortion. Vaccines currently approved in Western countries make use of foetal cell lines obtained from aborted foetuses either at the testing stage (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines) or at the development stage (Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine). The Catholic Church’s position is that, if there are alternatives, Catholic people have a moral obligation to request the vaccine whose link with abortion is more remote, which at present means that they should refuse the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine. We argue that any consideration regarding free choice of the vaccine should apply to religious and non-religious claims alike, in order to avoid religion-based discrimination. However, we also argue that, in a context of limited availability, considering the significant differences in costs and effectiveness profile of the vaccines available, people should only be allowed to choose the preferred vaccine if: 1) this does not risk compromising vaccination strategies; and 2) they internalize any additional cost that their choice might entail. The State should only subsidize the vaccine that is more cost-effective for any demographic group from the point of view of public health strategies.

The Good Megadam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thayer Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Global Political Economy ◽  
International Support ◽  
The World ◽  
To Receive

Megadams are a key component of a destructive yet still dominant global political economy that continues to receive national and international support, but they are not cost effective from either an economic or financial point of view. They are also environmentally destructive—not just of free-flowing rivers, but also of the world as a global ecosystem. For more than half a billion project-affected people, megadams also create development-induced new poverty.

Cost-Effectiveness of Behavior Activation Versus Supportive Therapy on Adherence to Eye Exams in Older African Americans With Diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Winters ◽  
Robin Casten ◽  
Barry Rovner ◽  
Ann Murchison ◽  
Benjamin E. Leiby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Eye Exams ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

Although the importance of ophthalmologic screening in diabetic patients is widely recognized by clinicians, the cost-effectiveness of strategies aimed at improving eye care utilization in this population is not well established. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed comparing behavior activation (BA) to supportive therapy (ST) in activating patients to receive a dilated fundus exam (DFE) and promoting healthy management of diabetes. Two hundred six subjects were randomized to receive either BA or ST between 2009 and 2013. Cost-effectiveness was calculated as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of BA versus ST. Total costs for BA and ST per participant were $259.02 and $216.12, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up, 87.91% of BA subjects received a DFE compared to 34.48% of ST subjects. The ICER for BA versus ST was $80.29/percent increase in DFE rate. In terms of improving DFE rates, BA was found to be more cost-effective than ST.

scholarly journals Ultrathin Metal Hydroxide/Oxide Nanowires: Crystal Growth, Self-Assembly, and Fabrication for Optoelectronic Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayani Pathiraja ◽  
Hemali Rathnayake
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Transition Metal Oxides ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Oriented Attachment ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Interparticle Interactions ◽  
Optoelectronic Applications ◽  
The Cost

The fundamental understanding of transition metal oxides nanowires’ crystal growth to control their anisotropy is critical for their applications in miniature devices. However, such studies are still in the premature stage. From an industrial point of view, the most exciting and challenging area of devices today is having the balance between the performance and the cost. Accordingly, it is essential to pay attention to the controlled cost-effective and greener synthesis of ultrathin TMOS NWs for industrial optoelectronic applications. This chapter provides a comprehensive summary of fundamental principles on the preperation methods to make dimensionality controlled anisotropic nanowires, their crystal growth studies, and optical and electrical properties. The chapter particularly addresses the governing theories of crystal growth processes and kinetics that controls the anisotropy and dimensions of nanowires. Focusing on the oriented attachment (OA) mechanism, the chapter describes the OA mechanism, nanocrystal’s self-assembly, interparticle interactions, and OA-directed crystal growth to improve the state-of-the art kinetic models. Finally, we provide the future perspective of ultrathin TMOS NWs by addressing their current challenges in optoelectronic applications. It is our understanding that the dimension, and single crystallinity of nanowires are the main contributors for building all functional properties, which arise from quasi-1-D confinement of nanowire growth.

A Randomised Prospective Comparison of Oral Ofloxacin and Intraperitoneal Vancomycin plus Aztreonam in the Treatment of Bacterial Peritonitis Complicating Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignatius K.P. Cheng ◽  
Ching-Ying Chan ◽  
Woon To Wong
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Prospective Comparison ◽  
Limited Health ◽  
Candida Peritonitis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Oral Ofloxacin

Forty six patients who developed 48 episodes of peritonitis while on CAPD were randomised to receive either oral ofloxacin or intraperitoneal (i.p.) vancomycin/ aztreonam. Three patients were excluded from analysis: 2 were transferred to other hospitals and 1 was later found to have candida peritonitis. Of the remainder, 22 episodes were treated with oral ofloxacin and 23 with i.p. vancomycin/aztreonam. The primary cure rate in the oral ofloxacin and i.p. vancomycin/aztreonam group was 77.3% and 87.5% respectively. There were 3 primary failures and 2 relapses in the former and 1 failure and 2 relapses in the latter group. Two of the 4 primary failures were peritonitis episodes secondary to infection with pseudomonas species. The total number of days of hospital stay was 48 and 58 respectively in the two groups. Analysis of the cost of treatment revealed that i.p. vancomycin/aztreonam was 30 times more expensive than oral ofloxacin. Despite a slightly higher cure rate with i.p. vancomycin/aztreonam, oral ofloxacin is a more cost-effective primary treatment of bacterial peritonitis in patients on CAPD especially in countries with a limited health budget.

scholarly journals Cost Effective Strategy to Disseminate IPM Technology: A Case of Banke and Surkhet District of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
Arjun Khanal ◽  
Punya Prasad Regmi ◽  
Gopal Bahadur KC ◽  
Dilli Bahadur KC ◽  
Kishor Chandra Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Market Planning ◽  
Transfer Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach in reducing damage caused by pests without harming the environment. A study on cost effectiveness strategy to disseminate IPM technology was conducted in the Banke and Surkhet districts of Nepal. For assessing the spread of information, farmers were asked a series of questions during the survey to determine knowledge of IPM and degree of IPM adoption. Using descriptive statistics and differences in means, analysis was done on relationships among access to information, IPM knowledge and adoption, and word-of-mouth diffusion of IPM techniques to neighboring farmers. For the evaluation of dissemination methods efficiency and to examine the cost for using the different dissemination methods of IPM technology followed by IPM IL project in Banke and Surkhet district, the cost measurements was focused only on the dissemination methods of IPM technology with a public cost such as mass media, agricultural officers, MPC, collection centre, FFS, CBFs, cooperatives, neighboring farmers, agro-vets and field days. When the number of farmers needing to receive training for one farmer to adopt IPM practices is known, and then that value can be multiplied by the cost per farmer trained which allows in providing the cost per farmer adopting the technology by transfer method. Capacity building in IPM technology development and dissemination in the study area was I/NGOs working in that area. Market Planning Committee of Banke and Surkhet district has played a vital role in disseminating IPM technology in cost effective and efficiently. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 8, Issue-1: 272-276

scholarly journals Cost-utility of Two Minimally-invasive Surgical Techniques for Operable Oropharyngeal Cancer: Transoral Robotic Surgery Versus Transoral Laser Microsurgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enea Parimbelli ◽  
Federico Soldati ◽  
Lorry Duchoud ◽  
John de Almeida ◽  
Martina Broglie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Robotic Surgery ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Transoral Robotic Surgery ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transoral Laser Microsurgery ◽  
Minimally Invasive Surgical ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background:In the past few decades, a re-evaluation of treatment paradigms of head and neck cancers with a desire to spare patients the treatment-related toxicities of open surgery, has led to the development of new minimally invasive surgical techniques to improve outcomes. Besides Transoral Laser Microsurgery (TLM), a new robotic surgical technique namely Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) emerged for the first time as one of the two most prominent and widely used minimally invasive surgical approaches particularly for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer, a sub-entity of head and neck cancers. Recent population-level data suggest equivalent tumor control, but different total costs, and need for adjuvant chemoradiation. A comparative analysis of these two techniques is therefore warranted from the cost-utility (C/U) point of view.Methods:Decision-analytical model for comparing TORS and TLM from the cost-utility (C/U) point of view.Results: In the base case analysis TLM dominates TORS. This advantage remains robust, even if the costs for TORS reduce by up to 25%. TORS begins to dominate TLM, if less than 59,7% patients require adjuvant treatment, whereby in an interval between 55%-62% cost effectiveness of TORS is sensitive to the prescription of adjuvant CRT. Exceeding 29% of TLM patients requiring a revision of surgical margins renders TORS more cost-effective.Conclusion: Non-robotic endoscopic surgery (TLM) is more cost-effective than robotic endoscopic surgery (TORS) for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancers. However, this advantage is sensitive to various parameters, i.e.to the number of re-operations and adjuvant treatment.

scholarly journals O impacto econômico dos serviços farmacêuticos na assistência à saúde de pacientes portadores de hipertensão: uma revisão sistemática

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
José Ítalo Melo ◽  
◽  
Ana Carolina Matos ◽  
Rodrigo Pinto ◽  
Gabriel Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Services ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Impacto Económico

Objective: To gather and synthesize current evidence that evaluates Pharmaceutical Services in hypertension, from an economic point of view. Methods: A systematic review of articles published from 2009 to September 2020 in PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs and Cochrane was carried out, following PRISMA guideline. Two reviewers screened and selected independently of the studies, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Results: 2,223 articles excluding duplicates were found in the databases. After analyzing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 studies were included, 8 were experimental and 4 were observational. The PS was performed in community pharmacies, outpatient clinics and hospitals, with interventions performed only by pharmacists or in collaboration with other professionals. Most of the interventions were cost-effective, improving clinical parameters and improving the quality of life. Only one intervention did not show significant results in relation to usual care. Conclusion: PS have been associated with positive economic impacts and interventions have significantly reduced direct medical costs. However, there is a need to develop more robust research, such as randomized and controlled studies, in order to allow a more assertive assessment regarding the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical services

Going Once, Going Twice: Using Willingness-to-Accept Auctions to Promote Smoking Cessation

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1632-1635
Author(s):  
Amanda J Quisenberry ◽  
Shreya Shaw ◽  
Amy K Ferketich ◽  
Jay R Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Program Budget ◽  
Promote Smoking Cessation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Introduction Incentive-based smoking cessation interventions increase quit rates. The optimal incentive, however, is unknown. We used a willingness-to-accept (WTA) auction where smokers submitted bids indicating the incentive they would need to receive for 1 week of smoking cessation. Aims and Methods Smokers ready to quit (n = 35) participated in a WTA auction, naming the amount they needed to be paid to quit for 1 week. Auction winners received an incentive if they successfully quit. All smokers received nicotine replacement therapy and self-help cessation materials. Carbon monoxide concentrations were monitored remotely three times during the week and in person at the final session. Results Participants who smoked their first cigarette within 5 min of waking demanded a significantly larger incentive in exchange for quitting than those who waited (p < .05). About 45% of auction winners quit smoking compared to 20% of nonwinners (p < .05). The cost per quit was $466 among auction winners compared to $894 among nonwinners. Conclusions WTA auctions may be an effective way to determine the amount smokers need to be paid to quit, which would allow researchers to estimate the most cost-effective payment to offer as part of incentive-based smoking cessation programs. Replication evaluating longer-term cessation outcomes with larger samples is warranted. Implications Incentive-based smoking cessation interventions increase quit rates. However, the optimal incentive is unknown. We found that a WTA auction is a feasible technique for estimating the amount smokers need to be paid to quit. Incentives are a surprisingly cost-effective way to facilitate smoking cessation because they are only paid to those who successfully quit. WTA auctions are a promising tool for determining the incentive that strikes the optimal balance between being large enough to motivate cessation, but small enough that it can be offered to the largest possible population of smokers for a given program budget.

scholarly journals Tanulók- és sportolók motoros-képességeinek fejlesztése és felmérése labdás játékok esetén

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsófia Keller ◽  
Róbert Szűcs
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Physical Educators ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Object Frame

Kutatásunk célja egy olyan komplex hardver- szoftverrendszer létrehozása volt, amelynek segítségével megállapítható a technika elsajátításának hatékonysága labdás játékok esetén például egy kézilabdázó dobási pontosságának és dobóerejének mérése révén. A szemből és oldalnézetből készített felvételek alapján, a mozgó objektum képkockánkénti elmozdulásából számítható a labda sebessége és pozíciója a képelemzés eszközeinek segítségével. Különös figyelmet fordítottunk az eszköz költséghatékony megvalósítására, valamint fontosnak tartottuk az egyszerű kezelhetőséget a telepítés és a mérés folyamán egyaránt. Mindezt a megfelelő hardver és szoftver technológiák kiválasztásán túl az is biztosítja, hogy nem igényel külön hardver eszközt a kezelése, mivel az edzők vagy a testnevelők saját mobileszközükről férhetnek hozzá a rendszer szolgáltatásaihoz. Az egyszerű kezelhetőséget a telepítés és a mérés folyamán egyaránt szem előtt tartottuk. Ez a technológia mind módszertani szempontból, mind motivációs eszközként is figyelmet érdemel, akár edzéseken, akár az iskolai testnevelés órákon. A fenti szempontok figyelembevételével a Raspberry Pi 3B+, a hozzá csatlakozó Raspberry Pi Camera V2-es modelljére (Raspberry Pi) és az ESP32 Cam-ra (ESP32), mint hardver komponensekre esett a választásunk. A kezelőfelületet pedig egy webes alkalmazás biztosítja, amelyen keresztül megfelelő hitelesítési folyamatot követően elérhetők a rendszer szolgáltatásai. ----- Developement and measurement of ballplayers’ motoric skills ----- Our research aimed to create a complex hardware-software system that can be used to determine the effectiveness of the technique in ball games, for example by measuring the throwing accuracy and throwing power of a handball player. Based on the shots taken from the front and side views, the speed and position of the ball can be calculated from the displacement of the moving object frame by frame using image analysis tools. We paid special attention to the cost-effective implementation of the device, and we considered it important to be easy to use during both installation and measurement. In addition to selecting the right hardware and software technologies, this is ensured by the fact that it does not require a separate hardware device to manage, as coaches or physical educators can access the system's services from their mobile devices. Ease of use was kept in mind during both installation and measurement. This technology deserves attention both from a methodological point of view and as a motivational tool, whether in training or school physical education classes. Considering the above considerations, we chose the Raspberry Pi 3B+ with a Raspberry Pi Camera V2 model and the ESP32 Cam as hardware components. The user interface is provided by a web application through which the system services can be accessed after a proper authentication process.

Sources of Productivity Gains in Office Automation

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome I. Elkind
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Work Flow ◽  
Office Worker ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Flow Processes ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
Office Systems

The cost and availability of office information workers are becoming increasingly important problems at the professional-managerial as well as at the secretarial-clerical level. Electronics and computer technologies are rapidly approaching the point at which cost effective systems for improving office worker productivity are becoming feasible for wide scale use. These systems make possible, and in fact, encourage, simplification of the work flow processes within the office, and this simplification is a major source of productivity gains. Results from studies with advanced office systems in a professional environment will be discussed in this paper from the point of view of the process changes that they cause and the productivity gains that resulted.

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