Relationship between soluble carbohydrate level and tolerance of meadow fescue callus to Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. and Drechslera dictyoides (Drechsl.) Shoem. metabolites

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Płażek
Keyword(s):  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Carbohydrate Level ◽  
Drechslera Dictyoides

Characterisation of the WSC fraction of six species of temperate pasture grass

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
J. C. Ince ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
A. J. Cairns ◽  
M. Moore–Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Field Plots

The carbohydrate (CHO) fraction of pasture grasses is a major source of energy for many domestic herbivores. However, the amounts, and types, of the water–soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction (i.e. glucose, fructose, sucrose, and polymers of sucrose and fructose, the fructans) present in such grasses, varies with species and environmental conditions. As the WSC constitute a highly digestible, energy yielding fraction of grasses, it is important to be able to measure their levels in a sward so that the diets of pastured animals may be designed to elicit optimal health and productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the WSC profile of six UK pasture grasses, and to develop a technique for extracting the fructan portion of the WSC.Six species of UK pasture grasses [Cocksfoot (C), Timothy (T), Meadow Fescue (M), Italian Ryegrass (IR), Perennial Ryegrass (PR) and Hybrid Ryegrass (HR)] were grown in experimental field plots at IGER.

scholarly journals Longevity of Plant Pathogens in Dry Agricultural Seeds During 30 Years of Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2175
Author(s):  
Guro Brodal ◽  
Åsmund Asdal
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Phoma Betae ◽  
Drechslera Dictyoides

Plant diseases may survive and be spread by infected seeds. In this study we monitored the longevity of 14 seed-borne pathogens in 9 crop species commonly grown in the Nordic countries, in addition to a sample of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The data from the first 30 years of a 100-year seed storage experiment located in a natural −3.5 °C environment (permafrost) in Svalbard, Norway, are presented. To date, the pathogens, tested by traditional seed health testing methods (freezing blotter, agar plates, growing on tests), have survived. Linear regression analyses showed that the seed infection percentages of Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue, Drechslera phlei in timothy, and Septoria nodorum in wheat were significantly reduced compared to the percentages at the start of the experiment (from 63% to 34%, from 70% to 65%, and from 15% to 1%, respectively), and that Phoma betae in beet had increased significantly (from 43% to 56%). No trends in the infection percentage were observed over the years in Drechslera spp. in barley (fluctuating between 30% and 64%) or in Alternaria brassicicola in cabbage (fluctuating between 82% and 99%), nor in pathogens with low seed infection percentages at the start of the experiment. A major part of the stored sclerotia was viable after 30 years. To avoid the spread of seed-borne diseases, it is recommended that gene banks implement routines that avoid the use of infected seeds.

The grazing preferences of cattle and sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Cowlishaw ◽  
F. E. Alder
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Preference Rank ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Factors affecting the grazing habits of ruminants are discussed in relation to the attractiveness and nutritive value of herbages and the observed preferences of cattle and sheep at different times.Methods of measuring stock preferences are considered and it is concluded that, while frequent eye estimates of the quantity of each species appear to provide an adequate method, continuous observations and herbage sampling are useful adjuncts to it.The results of five experiments are given. Four were carried out in 3 years' winter grazing and one on spring, summer and autumn grazing over 2 years. In the latter experiment herbage samples were chemically analysed and a relationship with the observed preferences was calculated.In the winter grazing trials the greener grasses tended to be selected first, i.e. timothy, white clover, rough-stalked meadow grass, perennial and Italian rye-grass. Cocksfoot, Phalaris, red fescue and meadow fescue were not generally relished. Meadow foxtail, smooth-stalked meadow grass, tall fescue and sometimes the different varieties of rye-grass and timothy varied in rank from year to year as a result of differential frost damage and fungal attacks.In the summer grazing trials lucerne and white clover were found palatable in all the 1956 trials; in 1957 lucerne remained so, but white clover was less well liked, especially in June and July. The amount of grass growing with the clover seemed to affect attractiveness, mixtures being preferred to either species by itself. Meadow fescue and timothy were always ranked high, perennial rye-grass and cocksfoot usually next. Agrostis and red fescue were lowest. For the grasses, preference rank was positively correlated in 1957 with water-soluble dry matter, water-soluble ash, water-soluble carbohydrate and negatively correlated with lignin content.Results are compared with those of other investigators and they show a marked degree of similarity. Variability in the data for sheep is possibly due to limitations in technique. The results for sheep and for cattle are compared; and it was generally found that cattle were fonder of meadow fescue than sheep, and less fond of cocksfoot.Stock appear to graze those plants which will most readily supply their requirements for salts and energy (carbohydrates). Factors like dung, fungal attack, accessibility, density and toughness may interfere with this relationship.

Differences between related grasses, times of year and plant parts in digestibility and chemical composition

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
Y. Gao ◽  
M. A. K. Altimimi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYTrue dry matter digestibility, proportion of cell content, digestibility of cell wall, N and water-soluble carbohydrate were determined in eight related grasses in February, June and September in each of three years. In a separate experiment, true dry matter digestibility, proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall were determined in five plant parts of vegetative tillers of two grasses in February, April, June, August, October and December in each of two years.Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was the most digestible grass and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Westerwolds ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. Westerwoldicum) were the least digestible. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was high in proportion of cell content, but not in digestibility of cell wall. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) was high in digestibility of cell wall, but low in proportion of cell content. Perennial ryegrass and hybrid ryegrass were high, and tall fescue low, in both proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall. Ryegrasses were lower than fescues in concentration of N and higher than the fescues in water-soluble carbohydrate; ryegrass × meadow fescue hybrids were intermediate between the parent species in N and watersoluble carbohydrate.Grass sampled in June and August was lower in both proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall than grass sampled at cooler times of year. Grass sampled in February was high in proportion of cell content and N, intermediate to high in digestibility of cell wall and intermediate in water-soluble carbohydrate.Expanding leaf blades of perennial and Italian ryegrass were higher than expanded blades and sheaths in digestibility of cell wall and similar to expanded blades and higher than sheaths in proportion of cell content. Cell wall was less digestible in the tip than in the middle and basal portions of expanded leaf blades.

Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer application and various nitrogenous supplements on milk production and nitrogen utilization of dairy cows given grass silage-based diets

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
S. Jaakkola ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
N Content ◽  
N Utilization

AbstractSixteen Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 28-day experimental periods and a 4 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of dietary nitrogen (N) source on dry-matter (DM) intake, diet digestibility, milk production, blood metabolite concentrations and N utilization. Experimental treatments consisted of two silages prepared from timothy and meadow fescue swards fertilized with either 52 or 104 kg N per ha (SL and SH, respectively) offered ad libitum supplemented with one of four concentrate supplements offered at 10 kg/day. A basal concentrate (control) was formulated from (g/kg on an air-dry basis) barley (307), oats (460), molassed sugar-beet pulp (200) and vitamins and minerals (33). Three isonitrogenous concentrates were prepared by replacement of basal concentrate ingredients (g/kg) with urea (14·4), wheat-gluten meal (WGM; 57·2) and heat-moisture treated mechanically expelled rapeseed cake (RSC; 188), respectively. Harvesting of secondary growths receiving higher applications of fertilizer N increased silage N content (19·2 and 23·6 g/kg DM, for SL and SH, respectively) but decreased water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations (respective values 149 and 93 g/kg DM). Increases in N fertilizer had no effect on silage DM intake, output of energy-corrected milk, milk fat or milk protein secretion, while provision of additional N in concentrate supplements improved all of these parameters. However, the magnitude of silage DM intake responses to additional N in concentrates was higher (P < 0·05) for SL than SH silage-based diets. Increases in dietary N content derived from silage or inclusion of urea, WGM or RSC in concentrate supplements led to a decline in the proportion of N intake secreted in milk. Relative to N derived from silage or urea, WGM and RSC supplements had beneficial effects on milk production. Both the quantity and quality of dietary N sources should be considered in future attempts to improve the efficiency of on-farm N utilization.

scholarly journals Some effects of vernalization on the reproductive capacity of Lolium perenne L.

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
A. Kleinendorst
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Carbohydrate Level

Vernalization requirements of grasses are reviewed, and data are given on experiments with perennial ryegrass showing considerable differences in vernalization behaviour between clones. Incomplete vernalization often increased the number of spikelets/inflorescence. Effects of soluble carbohydrate level are discussed. Experiments in which plants of perennial ryegrass were transferred into and out of a glasshouse during Jan.-Mar. indicated that the vernalization stimulus was not translocated between tillers. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals The effects of prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures and elevated CO2 levels on the growth, yield and dry matter partitioning of field-sown meadow fescue

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaija Hakala ◽  
Timo Mela
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

Field-sown meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis, cv. Kalevi) stands were exposed to elevated temperatures (+3°C) and elevated CO2, (700 ppm) levels in two experiments conducted in 1992-1993 (experiment 1) and in 1994-1995 (experiment 2). Total aboveground yield was, on average, 38% higher at elevated than at ambient temperatures. At ambient temperatures elevated CO2 increased the number of tillers by 63% in 1992, 24% in 1993, 90% in 1994 and 14% in 1995. At elevated temperatures, the increase in tiller number in elevated CO2 was seen only in the first growing seasons after sowing. The total yield in a growing season was about 10% higher in elevated CO2 in experiment 1. In experiment 2 the yield was more than 20% higher in elevated CO2 at elevated temperatures, whereas at ambient temperatures the rise in CO2 level had no effect on the yield; the root biomass, however, increased by more than 30%. In elevated CO2 at ambient temperatures the root biomass also increased in experiment I, but at elevated temperatures there was no consistent change. The soluble carbohydrate content of above-ground biomass was 5-48% higher in elevated CO2 at most of the measuring times during the growing season, but the nitrogen content did not show a clear decrease. The reasons for the lack of a marked increase in biomass in elevated CO2 despite a 40-60% increase in photosynthesis are discussed.

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