Long-chain alkenes of the haptophytes Isochrysis galbana and Emiliania huxleyi

Lipids ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Rieley ◽  
Mark A. Teece ◽  
Torren M. Peakman ◽  
Anthony M. Raven ◽  
Kirstie J. Greene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals Effects of alkalinity and salinity at low and high light intensity on hydrogen isotope fractionation of long-chain alkenones produced by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 5693-5704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella M. Weiss ◽  
Eva Y. Pfannerstill ◽  
Stefan Schouten ◽  
Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté ◽  
Marcel T. J. van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract. Over the last decade, hydrogen isotopes of long-chain alkenones have been shown to be a promising proxy for reconstructing paleo sea surface salinity due to a strong hydrogen isotope fractionation response to salinity across different environmental conditions. However, to date, the decoupling of the effects of alkalinity and salinity, parameters that co-vary in the surface ocean, on hydrogen isotope fractionation of alkenones has not been assessed. Furthermore, as the alkenone-producing haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi, is known to grow in large blooms under high light intensities, the effect of salinity on hydrogen isotope fractionation under these high irradiances is important to constrain before using δDC37 to reconstruct paleosalinity. Batch cultures of the marine haptophyte E. huxleyi strain CCMP 1516 were grown to investigate the hydrogen isotope fractionation response to salinity at high light intensity and independently assess the effects of salinity and alkalinity under low-light conditions. Our results suggest that alkalinity does not significantly influence hydrogen isotope fractionation of alkenones, but salinity does have a strong effect. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the fractionation responses to salinity recorded in alkenones grown under both high- and low-light conditions. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the fractionation response to salinity in culture is similar under different environmental conditions, strengthening the use of hydrogen isotope fractionation as a paleosalinity proxy.

Visible light-dependent degradation of long-chain alkenes in killed cells of Emiliania huxleyi and Nannochloropsis salina

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelkrim Mouzdahir ◽  
Vincent Grossi ◽  
Salem Bakkas ◽  
Jean-François Rontani
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Nannochloropsis Salina ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals Effects of alkalinity and salinity at low and high light intensity on hydrogen isotope fractionation of long-chain alkenones produced by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella M. Weiss ◽  
Eva Y. Pfannerstill ◽  
Stefan Schouten ◽  
Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté ◽  
Marcel T. J. van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Sea Surface Salinity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract. Over the last decade, hydrogen isotope fractionation of long-chain alkenones have been shown to be a promising proxy for reconstructing paleo sea surface salinity due to a strong hydrogen isotope fractionation response to salinity across different environmental conditions. However, to date, the decoupling of the effects of alkalinity and salinity, parameters that co-vary in the surface ocean, on hydrogen isotope fractionation of alkenones has not been assessed. Furthermore, as the alkenone-producing haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi, is known to grow in large blooms under high light intensities, the effect of salinity on hydrogen isotope fractionation under these high irradiances is important to constrain before using hydrogen isotope fractionation to reconstruct paleosalinity. Batch cultures of the marine haptophyte E. huxleyi strain CCMP 1516 were grown to investigate the hydrogen isotope fractionation response to salinity at high light intensity and independently assess the effects of salinity and alkalinity. Our results suggest that alkalinity does not significantly influence hydrogen isotope fractionation of alkenones, but salinity does have a strong effect. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the fractionation responses to salinity recorded in alkenones grown under both high and low light conditions. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the fractionation response to salinity in culture is similar under different environmental conditions, strengthening the applicability of hydrogen isotope fractionation as a paleosalinity proxy.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature, salinity and growth rate on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones produced by <I>Emiliania huxleyi</I> and <I>Gephyrocapsa oceanica</I>

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schouten ◽  
J. Ossebaar ◽  
K. Schreiber ◽  
M. V. M. Kienhuis ◽  
G. Langer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fractionation Factor ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrogen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Gephyrocapsa Oceanica

Abstract. Two haptophyte algae, Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica, were cultured at different temperatures and salinities to investigate the impact of these factors on the hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones synthesized by these algae. Results showed that alkenones synthesized by G. oceanica were on average depleted in D by 30 compared to those of E. huxleyi when grown under similar temperature and salinity conditions. The fractionation factor, αalkenones-H2O, ranged from 0.760 to 0.815 for E. huxleyi and from 0.741 to 0.788 for G. oceanica. There was no significant correlation of αalkenones-H2O with temperature but a positive linear correlation was observed between αalkenones-H2O and salinity with ~3 change in fractionation per salinity unit and a negative correlation between αalkenones-H2O and growth rate. This suggests that both salinity and growth rate can have a substantial impact on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones in natural environments.

Long-chain alkenes and alkenones in the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2619-2622 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Volkman ◽  
Geoffrey Eglinton ◽  
Eric D.S. Corner ◽  
T.E.V. Forsberg
Keyword(s):  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Long Chain

scholarly journals The genesis and preservation of biomarkers in the sedimentary record: an experimental study of the alga Emiliania huxleyi

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
Derek E.G. Briggs ◽  
John M. Getliff ◽  
John W. Leftley ◽  
James R. Maxwell ◽  
R. John. Parkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Unsaturated Ketone ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio ◽  
Analytical Scheme ◽  
Sedimented Organic Matter ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Long Chain

The distribution of molecular markers in sediments provides a reservoir of unique information concerning biogeochemical processes in the geological past, and how these processes respond to environmental change. However, sedimentary systems themselves are biologically dynamic and these markers, and their precursors, have been subjected to bacterial degradation and modification. Recent research indicates that key changes in sedimented organic matter take place during the earliest stages of sediment burial and diagenesis where bacterial activity is also intense. Hence, effective interpretation of the distribution of biomarkers from deep sediment layers and sedimentary rocks requires knowledge of the rates and processes of bacterial decomposition under a range of environmental conditions.Algae are important primary producers in the marine environment. The prymnesiophyte alga Emiliania huxleyi was selected as a subject for study as it is a source of long chain ketones which are geochemically important biomarkers. The ratio of the ketones C37:2 to C37:3 is temperature sensitive and has been used as a palaeotemperature indicator (UK37).Preliminary sediment slurry incubations were carried out to optimize experimental design (concentration of decay organism, concentration of sediment in slurry, ability to obtain defined microbial environments over long term incubations, aerobic and anaerobic), and quantitative analytical scheme (extraction and separation technique, type and concentration of internal standards). Subsequent experiments on aerobic bacterial degradation of E. huxleyi demonstrated rapid increase in bacterial activity and biomass. This was accompanied by major changes in lipid classes. The dominant aliphatic hydrocarbons, three isomers of nC31:2, were rapidly degraded and completely removed by 78 days. In contrast, in preliminary anaerobic incubations, the same compounds remained unchanged. By 78 days a significant reduction in the total algal sterols was accompanied by a small increase in total stanols; hence the cholestanol/cholesterol ratio increased markedly. The abundance of the long chain unsaturated ketone C37:3 decreased relative to C37:2 resulting in an increase in the UK37 ratio. The reasons for these changes are unclear. However, they indicate that bacterial degradation may have to be taken into account in the interpretation of UK37 ratios in terms of paleotemperatures.Further experiments are in progress to clarify the interpretation of these results and provide information on the more recalcitrant biomarkers.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature and salinity on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones produced by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> and <i>Gephyrocapsa oceanica</i>

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 1681-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schouten ◽  
J. Ossebaar ◽  
K. Schreiber ◽  
M. V. M. Kienhuis ◽  
G. Langer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Fractionation Factor ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrogen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Gephyrocapsa Oceanica

Abstract. Two haptophyte algae, Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica, were cultured at different temperatures and salinities to investigate the impact of these factors on the hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones synthesized by these algae. Results showed that alkenones synthesized by G. oceanica were on average depleted in D by 30 per mil compared to those of E. huxleyi when grown under similar conditions. The fractionation factor, αalkenones-H2O, ranged from 0.760 to 0.815 for E. huxleyi and from 0.741 to 0.788 for G. oceanica. There was no significant correlation of αalkenones-H2O with temperature but a positive linear correlation was observed between αalkenones-H2O and salinity with ~3 per mil change in fractionation per salinity unit. This suggests that salinity can have a substantial impact on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones in natural environments and, vice versa, that δD can possibly be used as a proxy to estimate paleosalinity.

Sterol and fatty acid composition of four marine haptophycean algae

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Volkman ◽  
D. J. Smith ◽  
G. Eglinton ◽  
T. E. V. Forsberg ◽  
E. D. S. Corner
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Unsaturated Ketones ◽  
Alkenoic Acid ◽  
Long Chain

The lipids of four marine coccolithophorids (class Haptophyceae),Emiliania huxleyi, Hymenomonas carterae, Isochrysis galbanaandCrystallolithus hyalinus, were examined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fatty acids ranged from C14to C22and were predominantly of even chain length. The major acids were polyunsaturated C18acids, 22:6 and either 14:0 or 16:0. C20fatty acids were of low abundance. Significant amounts of octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5), previously thought to be unique to dinoflagellates, were identified in three of the algae. A small amount of a di-unsaturated C36 w-alkenoic acid was identified inE. huxleyi, which is the first report of such a long-chain fatty acid in any alga. Traces of wax esters, which are reportedly uncommon inalgae, were found in three of the species. The sterol distributions were very simple, with two or three compounds accounting for > 99% of the total sterols. In each case, the major component was 24-methylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol.H. carteraeandC. hyalinusalso contained 24-ethylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol and significant amounts of cholest-5-en-3β-ol were found inE. huxleyiandI. galbana. An unusual sterol, 23,24-dimethylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol, was identified inH. carterae. These sterols were mostly non-esterified although small amounts of sterol esters were identified inE. huxleyi. The lipid composition ofE. huxleyiis distinctive in that it contains, in addition to the C36fatty acid, novel C37–C39unsaturated ketones and C31–C38alkenes. Of the other coccolithophorids onlyI. galbanacontained small quantities of one of the C3lalkenes.

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