scholarly journals Impact of demand response on occupants’ thermal comfort in a leisure center

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Le Cam ◽  
Joanna Southernwood ◽  
Daniel Ring ◽  
Dan Clarke ◽  
Rosie Creedon
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Building Retrofit ◽  
Building Management ◽  
Building Management System ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMany assets that are normally installed during an energy-efficient building retrofit can also be used to provide flexible services to the electricity grid. By turning off or turning down some mechanical systems during peak times, it is possible for a building to reduce its load on the electricity network. A field demand response event was simulated at a leisure center in Ireland to evaluate the suitability of the site to participate in the Irish demand response market, to assess how much flexibility it can provide, how much the indoor conditions changed during the test, and to examine whether these remained within satisfactory limits. A survey was conducted to determine whether the occupants perceived any changes to their thermal comfort. The simulation was achieved by identifying non-critical mechanical equipment and turning them off for 2 h. A processing station for demand response and energy monitoring delivered the demand response signal to the site’s building management system. The results show that this site had a flexibility potential of 45 kW, which is considered too low to participate in the demand response market, as Irish aggregators favor sites that can offer over 250-kW flexibility. However, the indoor thermal conditions remained within reasonable ranges and the occupants did not notice the impact of the demand response event. This shows that theoretically, if smaller sites were allowed to sell their flexibility to the electricity market, such leisure centers could participate in demand response services without impacting occupants’ comfort.

A Review of the Impact of Vegetation in Solar Control towards Enhanced Thermal Comfort and Energy Performance in Buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 887 ◽  
pp. 428-434
Author(s):  
Dorcas A. Ayeni ◽  
Olaniyi O. Aluko ◽  
Morisade O. Adegbie
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Solar Control ◽  
The Impact

Man requires a thermal environment that is within the range of his adaptive capacity and if this fluctuates outside the normal, a reaction is required beyond its adaptive capacity which results to health challenges. Therefore, the aim of building design in the tropical region is to minimize the heat gain indoors and enhance evaporative cooling of the occupants of the space so as to achieve thermal comfort. In most cases, the passive technologies are not adequate in moderating indoor climate for human comfort thereby relying on active energy technique to provide the needed comfort for the building users. The need for the use of vegetation as a panacea for achieving comfortable indoor thermal conditions in housing is recognised by architects globally. However, the practice by architects in Nigeria is still at the lower ebb. The thrust of this paper therefore is to examine the impact of vegetation in solar control reducing thermal discomfort in housing thereby enhancing the energy performance of the buildings. Using secondary data, the paper identifies the benefits of vegetation in and around buildings to include improvement of indoor air quality through the aesthetics quality of the environment and concludes that vegetation in and around building will in no small measure contributes to saving energy consumption.

scholarly journals Experimental and statistical survey on local thermal comfort impact on working productivity loss in university classrooms

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Bajc ◽  
Milos Banjac ◽  
Maja Todorovic ◽  
Zana Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
Personal Factor ◽  
Predicted Mean Vote ◽  
Local Thermal Comfort ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents an experimental analysis of the relationship between local thermal comfort and productivity loss in classrooms. The experimental investigation was performed in a real university classroom during the winter semester in city of Belgrade. Measurements were taken for four scenarios, with different indoor comfort conditions. Variations were made by setting the central heating system on/off, adding an additional heat source to provoke higher indoor temperatures, and measuring the radiant asymmetry impact. Innovative questionnaires were developed especially for the research, in order to investigate students? subjective feelings about local thermal comfort and indoor environmental quality. Local predicted mean vote and predicted percentage dissatisfied indices were calculated using data measured in situ. The results were compared to existing models recommended in literature and European and ASHRAE standards. Student productivity was evaluated using novel tests, designed to fit the purposes of the research. Surveys were conducted for 19 days under different thermal conditions, during lectures in a real classroom, using a sample of 240 productivity test results in total. Using the measured data, new correlations between the predicted mean vote, CO2, personal factor and productivity loss were developed. The research findings imply that local thermal comfort is an important factor that can impact productivity, but the impact of the personal factor is of tremendous importance, together with CO2 concentration in the classroom.

scholarly journals Performance Gap and Occupant Behavior in Building Retrofit: Focus on Dynamics of Change and Continuity in the Practice of Indoor Heating

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Salvia ◽  
Eugenio Morello ◽  
Federica Rotondo ◽  
Andrea Sangalli ◽  
Francesco Causone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Occupant Behavior ◽  
Social Practice Theory ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Building Retrofit ◽  
The Impact

Building retrofit is often reported to fail in achieving predicted energy savings; this mismatch in post-retrofit conditions is labeled the ‘energy performance gap’ and may be due to both occupant behavior and technical issues. In this study, the occupant is investigated through a case study of a recently retrofitted public housing in Milan inhabited by 500+ tenants. Informed by social practice theory and interviews to households, concurrent and interdependent elements in heating space are identified—including factors of comfort, competences involved and other interconnected practices. Patterns of continuity and change in setting thermal conditions in this retrofitted building emerge. In this respect, key dynamics of the occupants are related to rooted habits in managing heating, social norms of thermal comfort, mastered skills in dealing with technical devices and infrastructure and ways of organizing other routines such as laundry and forms of entertainment when services are limitedly accessible. The results inform plans for energy efficiency through building retrofit in which the integration of the social dimension and practices may contribute to maximizing the impact of the intervention and to limiting energy performance gap.

scholarly journals Modeling and Controlling of Temperature and Humidity in Building Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning System Using Model Predictive Control

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pouria Bahramnia ◽  
Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Rostami ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Gwang-jun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Building Management ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Control Objective ◽  
Temperature Variable ◽  
Building Management System

Nowadays, by huge improvements in industrial control and the necessity of efficient energy consumption for buildings, unified managing systems are established to monitor and control mechanical equipment and energy usage. One of the main portions of the building management system (BMS) is the cooling and heating equipment called heating and ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC). Based on temperature slow dynamic and presented uncertainty in modeling, a model predictive control (MPC) strategy to track both temperature and humidity is proposed in this study. The main goal of this study is to provide a framework to describe temperature and humidity elements required for dynamic modeling. Following that, by utilizing a predictive approach, a control strategy is obtained, which optimizes the tracking error of two interactional channel and performs the effort control by minimizing the optimization index. Other articles have mostly only had control over the temperature variable, but in our article, we tried to study the equations of temperature and humidity as well as their interference and according to the ASHRAE standard, both temperature and humidity controls must be accurate. The humidity was the novelty in our article. Simulation results proved the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to the conventional proportional-integral controller. Evidently, the key idea behind the control objective is providing the comfort condition while consuming the least possible energy.

Summer thermal comfort and overheating in the elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Hughes ◽  
Sukumar Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Warm Summer ◽  
Typical Summer ◽  
The Impact

Atypically warm summers such as 2003 and 2018 are predicted to become normal by 2050. If current climate projections are accurate, this could cause heat-related mortality to rise by 257% by 2050, the majority of which will be in vulnerable groups such as the elderly. However, little is known about the temperatures achieved in the homes of the elderly even in typical summers, and even less on whether these are comfortable. This study examines, for the first time, the validity of current thermal comfort models in predicting summer comfort levels in the 65+ demographic over a typical and an atypically warm summer. This was achieved through the first longitudinal study of thermal conditions in homes of the elderly in the South West UK, utilising repeated standardised monthly thermal comfort and health surveys with continuous temperature monitoring in both living and bed rooms. Results show that neither the PMV/PPD model (ISO 7730) nor the adaptive model (ISO 15251) accurately predict true thermal comfort in our sample. Overheating analysis using CIBSE TM59 (based on ISO 15251) suggests significantly more homes (50% living room, 94% bed room = 94% overall) overheated during the atypically warm summer, compared to the typical summer (3% living room, 57% bed room = 57% overall). These are worrying results, especially for the elderly, given the projected increases in both the severity and the frequency of extreme summers in a future, changed, climate. Practical application: This paper provides new data on the performance of the homes of the elderly in both a typical and atypically warm summer. Our results could be considered for building performance evaluation in homes with elderly occupants to mitigate overheating risk. Crucially, we not only examine the impact of CIBSE criteria on these homes but also look at thermal acceptance, which is important to understand the true impact of elevated temperatures in this demographic.

scholarly journals OpenADR and Agreement Audit Architecture for a Complete Cycle of a Flexibility Solution

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Antonio Parejo ◽  
Sebastián García ◽  
Enrique Personal ◽  
Juan Ignacio Guerrero ◽  
Antonio García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Building Management ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Building Management System ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
The University

Nowadays, the presence of renewable generation systems and mobile loads (i.e., electric vehicle) spread throughout the distribution network is increasing. The problem is that this type of system introduces an added difficulty since they present a strong dependence on the meteorology and the mobility needs of the users. This problem forces the distribution system operators to seek tools that make it possible to balance the relationship between consumption and generation. In this sense, automated demand response systems are an appropriate solution that allow the operator to request specific reductions in customers’ consumption, offering a discount to the customer and avoiding network congestion. This paper analyzes the implementation and architecture of a demand response solution based on OpenADR standard and its possible integration with a building management system through a use case. As will be analyzed, a key part of the architecture is the measurement system based on smart meters acting as sensors. This is the base of the auditing system which makes it possible to verify compliance with the consumption reduction agreements. Additionally, this study is completed with a parallel auditing system which makes it possible to verify compliance with the consumption reduction agreements. All of the proposed demand response cycle is implemented as a proof of concept in a classroom in the Escuela Politécnica Superior at the University of Seville, which makes it possible to identify the advantages of this architecture in the ambit of connection between distribution network and buildings.

scholarly journals Study on Pricing Mechanism of Cooling, Heating, and Electricity Considering Demand Response in the Stage of Park Integrated Energy System Planning

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1565
Author(s):  
Hang Yu ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Chaoen Li ◽  
Rui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Pricing Mechanism ◽  
Integrated Energy System ◽  
The Impact

With the opening of the Chinese electricity market, as a retailer that provides energy services to consumers, the park-integrated energy system (PIES) not only serves as an effective way to earn benefits and reduce carbon emissions but also impacts the energy consumption characteristics of consumers. The PIES implements this function by adjusting the energy selling price in free energy markets. The pricing mechanism model (P-M model) is established to obtain the energy selling price in the planning and design stages. In this model, the impact of the demand response on the energy configuration and the impact of the changes in energy configuration on the energy cost price are both considered. Additionally, the optimal result ensures that both the consumers and the PIES benefit simultaneously. The reactive demand response zone, which represents a consumer trap, is found in numerical studies. The results indicate the following: (1) from the perspective of P-M model optimization, the benefit exclusive point of the PIES is the optimal solution in the short term; (2) from the perspective of the long-term benefit, the ultimate result in the relationship between the PIES and consumers is that the PIES will share its profits with consumers; in other words, benefit sharing point is the optimal solution for the long term.

The impact of industrial self-supply on Bavaria’s electricity system – effects on supply security and market prices

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-466
Author(s):  
Christopher Scheubel ◽  
David Matthäus ◽  
Gunther Friedl
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of industrial self-supply in the transition process from centralized energy generation based on fossil fuels and nuclear power to decentralized supply based on renewable energies in the Bavarian electricity system. Design/methodology/approach To quantify effects on system and price stability, a model of the Bavarian electricity grid is created and used to simulate electricity system behavior during a 1-year period for scenarios that are characterized by parameter variations in industrial self-supply, nuclear power capacity, renewable power generation and the capacity of electricity imports. Findings The simulations show that industrial self-supply can reduce instances of maximum grid utilization by 23 per cent and, based on the merit-order effect, decrease electricity market prices by 1.90 and 5.03 €/MWh in the scenarios with and without nuclear power, respectively; these values represent 5.7 and 15.0 per cent of average market prices from 2014. Research limitations/implications The analysis shows that industrial self-supply can contribute to transforming the electricity system in a secure, sustainable and affordable manner. However, merit-order-based price effects have a limitation concerning the future applicability of results as quantified effects may not be permanent when the electricity system adapts. Originality/value This paper connects industrial self-supply and the merit-order effect within a nodal energy model. It provides insights into the relevant interdependencies and reciprocal effects by means of a simulation.

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