Bioplastic Production from Eucheuma Cottoni

Plastic waste has become a global problem because it causes environmental pollution. This is because plastic waste is difficult to decompose. There have been numerous solutions proposed, one of which is theuse of bioplastics. In this research, the bioplastics were made from third- generation biomass, namely the eucheuma cottoni. Eucheuma cottoni is contains biopolymer carrageenan, a carbohydrate with unit structures consisting of d-galactose and 3,6 anhydrogalactose with glycosidic bonds. Goal this research is study the effects of sorbitol plasticizer content and bioplastics manufacturing temperature on bioplastics, tensile strength, elongation, and biodegradation rate. The bioplastics were made by extracting 10 grams of eucheuma cottoni powder in 200 ml of distilled water. The algae extract was added with sorbitol (plasticizer) and heated at various temperatures from 45°C until 60°C. The mixture was poured into a mold tin and dried in the oven to a constant weight. The resulting bioplastics were then characterized to determine the tensile strength and biodegradation rate. The results showed that increasing the plasticizer content from 3.5% reduced the tensile strength, however, it increased the elongation and biodegradation rate. The optimal plasticizer content was 4% with a tensile strength value of 4.8309 Mpa, elongation of 24.1548%, and biodegradation rate of 26.9392%. The temperature variable showed that increasing the temperature of making bioplastics could reduce tensile strength, increase elongation and biodegradation rate of bioplastics. The optimum temperature for making bioplastics at 45oC obtained a tensile strength of6.28 Mpa and an elongation of 20.67%. The biodegradation rate was 39.6665%, and the best sorbitol content was received at 4%.

Prototype of a System for Quail Farming with Arduino Nano Platform, DHT11 and LM35 Sensors, in Arequipa, Peru

— Quail farming ranks 3rd at the national level for poultry production and has growth projections of 3.9% in the coming years. In Peru, due to the decreases in temperature and cold in the southern part of the country, it presents a significant problem to the development of quail farms, of which its primary derivative is the egg that provides food contributions to the population and only with the 18.1% cholesterol compared to the eggs of other birds. This study aims to develop an automatic farm system to increase the production in the laying stage of quails in the homes of Arequipa. The control system was developed with the Arduino Nano platform, DHT11, LM35 sensors, actuators such as a 25W bulb, a fan, and a humidifier, which allow continuous temperature and humidity control. In addition, all the variables can be visualized through an LCD screen. A simple 3D model was developed with a capacity of between 10 and 25 quails. In charge of the control processes, the Arduino module reached an error rate of 0.9% in the temperature variable, and the humidity variable does not present an error rate. The total power of the prototype was measured and converted into a monetary value. Average power of 0.02667 kW / hour was obtained, which is reflected in a saving of 82.22% compared to using a 100W bulb. Keywords— Poultry production, farm quail, quail egg, automation, Arduino.

An Electrochemical Study of Hydrothermal Reactions at Elevated Temperatures

<p>A high temperature hydrogen electrode concentration cell based on a design published by Macdonald, Butler and Owen1, was constructed and used to study the following protolytic equilibria. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants were derived by the usual method of extrapolation to zero ionic strength. 1. The ionization of water at temperatures from 75 to 225 degrees C in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mol kg-1 KCl solution. pK degrees w = 7229.701 /T + 30.285logT - 85.007 2. The pH calibration of 0.01 and 0.05 mol kg-1 sodium tetraborate at temperatures from 75 to 250 degrees C in O.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mol kg-1 NaCl solution. 0.0l mol kg-1 Sodium Tetraborate Solution pH = -0.4830t1 + 5.5692t2 + 7.7167t3 + 8.6983 0.05 mol kg-1 Sodium Tetraborate Solution pH = -0.0455tl + 8.3987t2 + O.2123t3 8.8156 3. The second dissociation of sulphuric acid at temperatures from 75 to 225 degree C in 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mol kg-l KCl solution. pK degrees 2 = 5.3353t1 - 15.9518t2 - 111.4929t3 + 3.8458 pK degrees 2 = 6.1815t*1 + 12.7301t*2. + 3.0660 (up to 150 degrees C) Where the t1 to t3= and t*1 and t*2 are the Clark-Glew temperature variable terms at reference temperatures of 423.15 and 373.15 K respectively2. 4. The acid hydrolysis of K-feldspar to K-mica and quartz at a temperature of 225 degrees C. The determination of the hydrolysis equilibrium constant was limited to one temperature because of the very slow reaction rate at temperatures less than 300 degrees C. log(mK+/mH+) = 4.2 (at 225 degrees C) Where a comparison could be made, the results of this study agreed well with previously published work, with the exception of the second dissociation constant of sulphuric acid at temperatures above 150 degrees C. Accurate values for the molal dissociation constant of the KSO-4 ion pair are required at elevated temperatures before the pK degrees 2 results can be fully evaluated. This research was severely restricted by the unpredictable loss of electrical continuity between the two cell compartments at temperatures above 150 degrees C. The problem appeared to be associated with the non-wettability of the porous Teflon plug which formed the liquid junction.</p>

An Electrochemical Study of Hydrothermal Reactions at Elevated Temperatures

<p>A high temperature hydrogen electrode concentration cell based on a design published by Macdonald, Butler and Owen1, was constructed and used to study the following protolytic equilibria. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants were derived by the usual method of extrapolation to zero ionic strength. 1. The ionization of water at temperatures from 75 to 225 degrees C in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mol kg-1 KCl solution. pK degrees w = 7229.701 /T + 30.285logT - 85.007 2. The pH calibration of 0.01 and 0.05 mol kg-1 sodium tetraborate at temperatures from 75 to 250 degrees C in O.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mol kg-1 NaCl solution. 0.0l mol kg-1 Sodium Tetraborate Solution pH = -0.4830t1 + 5.5692t2 + 7.7167t3 + 8.6983 0.05 mol kg-1 Sodium Tetraborate Solution pH = -0.0455tl + 8.3987t2 + O.2123t3 8.8156 3. The second dissociation of sulphuric acid at temperatures from 75 to 225 degree C in 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mol kg-l KCl solution. pK degrees 2 = 5.3353t1 - 15.9518t2 - 111.4929t3 + 3.8458 pK degrees 2 = 6.1815t*1 + 12.7301t*2. + 3.0660 (up to 150 degrees C) Where the t1 to t3= and t*1 and t*2 are the Clark-Glew temperature variable terms at reference temperatures of 423.15 and 373.15 K respectively2. 4. The acid hydrolysis of K-feldspar to K-mica and quartz at a temperature of 225 degrees C. The determination of the hydrolysis equilibrium constant was limited to one temperature because of the very slow reaction rate at temperatures less than 300 degrees C. log(mK+/mH+) = 4.2 (at 225 degrees C) Where a comparison could be made, the results of this study agreed well with previously published work, with the exception of the second dissociation constant of sulphuric acid at temperatures above 150 degrees C. Accurate values for the molal dissociation constant of the KSO-4 ion pair are required at elevated temperatures before the pK degrees 2 results can be fully evaluated. This research was severely restricted by the unpredictable loss of electrical continuity between the two cell compartments at temperatures above 150 degrees C. The problem appeared to be associated with the non-wettability of the porous Teflon plug which formed the liquid junction.</p>

Temperature dependence of intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to anisotropic magnetoresistance

Electrical conduction in magnetic materials depends on their magnetization configuration, resulting in various magnetoresistances (MRs). The microscopic mechanisms of MR have so far been attributed to either an intrinsic or extrinsic origin, yet the contribution and temperature dependence of either origin has remained elusive due to experimental limitations. In this study, we independently probed the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the anisotropic MR (AMR) of a permalloy film at varying temperatures using temperature-variable terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The AMR induced by the scattering-independent intrinsic origin was observed to be approximately 1.5% at T = 16 K and is virtually independent of temperature. In contrast, the AMR induced by the scattering-dependent extrinsic contribution was approximately 3% at T = 16 K but decreased to 1.5% at T = 155 K, which is the maximum temperature at which the AMR can be resolved using THz measurements. Our results experimentally quantify the temperature-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to AMR, which can stimulate further theoretical research to aid the fundamental understanding of AMR.

Pengaruh Sudut Kemiringan Dan Intensitas Matahari Terhadap Karakteristik Modul Polycristaline Dengan Metode Regresi Berganda

Solar energy is often known by other terms solar energy is a form of renewable energy source. The potential of solar energy certainly affects the power generated in solar modules, there are several influences that cause solar energy not to be obtained optimally. In this study will be made mathematical modeling using multiple regression methods exposed to the angle of tilt and intensity of the sun with the research object of the polycristalline type solar module. The results obtained by calculating mathematically obtained the accuracy of the model with MAPE, as well as the adjusted value of R square of 0.960363563 which states that the percentage of the influence of irradiation-free variables and temperature simultaneously on the current obtained is very strong. While the results of calculations with double linear regression, the value of the regression coefficient on the irradiation variable (x_1) by 0.0000316, it means that if other variables remain and irradiation variables increase by 100 W/m2, then the current increases by 0.00316 A. Then the regression coefficient on the temperature variable (x_2) by 0.010573, this means if other variables remain and temperature variables increase by 1oC, then the current increases by 0.010573 A. From these results, it should be known the level of accuracy of the model which in this case uses MAPE. MAPE obtained on this model is 7.046%, this corresponds to the error standard of 0.007650294 with an average current measurement scale of ±0.1 A. Thus, the MAPE results show that the model has an accuracy of 92.954%, which means that the modeling obtained is very good.

EKSTRAKSI MINYAK KACANG TANAH (PEANUT OIL) DENGAN PELARUT ETANOL DAN N-HEKSAN

Peanut is one of the sources of vegetable oil, the oil content is very high, less than 65% compared to copra which contains more or less 45% oil (Sari, 2006). This study aims to analyze the value of oil yield, density, viscosity, water content, and acid number of peanut oil produced from groundnut seeds. Based on the research that has been used, the variable solvent volume varies from 400 to 600 mL, the extraction temperature variable used is 75oCand 80oC, and the time variable varies from 2- 4 hours. The resulting extraction is distilled using 80oC and 85oC temperatures to separate the oil from the solvent. This research was carried out by extracting sohklets using different solvents, ethanol and n-hexane. From the results of this study, the highest percentage of oil was 58.29% with n-hexane solvent, density of 1.122 gr / mL, viscosity of 0.1029 cP, moisture content of 6%, and acidity rate of 2 mg NaOH / gr of oil . Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the volume of the solvent and the extraction time greatly affect the yield value of the oil produced, density, viscosity, moisture content, and acid number.

Thermo-mechanical forging of 708M40 steel ring samples: experiments and modelling

A series of ring compression tests using BS970:708M40 alloy steel samples were studied. These tests were conducted using a 2-factor soak-temperature variable, namely 1030 °C and 1300 °C, and a 4-factor lubricant variable consisting of unlubricated samples, synthetic water-based, graphite water-based, and graphite and molybdenum disulphide viscous grease. The lubricant agents were all applied to the tool/billet interface. Process variables such as blow force and heating were controlled with the use of a gravitationally operated drop hammer and an automated programmable induction-heating unit. This matrix of the experimental parameters offered a sound base for exploring dominant factors impacting upon bulk deformation. This deformation was measured using fully calibrated equipment and then systematically recorded. A finite element modelling framework was developed to further improve the thermo-mechanical deformation process understanding, with finite element (FE) predictions validated through experimental measurement. Through the combined experimental and FE work, it was shown that temperature variation in the experimental parameter matrix played a larger role in determining deformation than the lubrication agent. Additionally, the use of synthetic and graphite water-based lubricants does not necessarily produce greater deformation when used in high-temperature forgings due to the lubricants breaking down, evaporating, or inducing rapid billet cooling as a result of the carrier used (water). Graphite-molybdenum disulphate grease far outperforms the other lubricants used in this trial in reducing friction and allowing deformation to occur across a die-face.