scholarly journals The Non-saying of What Should Have Been Said

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Colonna Dahlman
Keyword(s):  
What Is Said ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
The Way

AbstractAccording to Grice’s analysis, conversational implicatures are carried by the saying of what is said (Grice 1989: 39). In this paper, it is argued that, whenever a speaker implicates a content by flouting one or several maxims, her implicature is not only carried by the act of saying what is said and the way of saying it, but also by the act of non-saying what should have been said according to what would have been normal to say in that particular context. Implicatures that arise without maxim violation are only built on the saying of what is said, while those that arise in violative contexts are carried by the saying of what is said in combination with the non-saying of what should have been said. This observation seems to justify two claims: (i) that conversational implicatures have different epistemic requirements depending on whether they arise in violative or non-violative contexts; (ii) that implicatures arising in non-violative contexts are more strongly tied to their generating assertion than those arising with maxim violation.

Antonia Soulez: Introduction

Hypatia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Melissa Mcmahon
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dimension ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Formal Level ◽  
The Way

Soulez's work focuses on the ethical dimension of philosophy manifested in the way in which thought engages and transforms an acting subject on a formal level, beyond what is “said” as such, including any explicitly ethical statements. Wittgenstein's injunction to “silence” on certain ethical matters does not, for Soulez, prevent his being a thinker of the ethical stakes of philosophy, contrary to more orthodox readings of the analytical tradition.

“That's really clever!” Ironic hyperbole understanding in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 260-272
Author(s):  
MARC AGUERT ◽  
CORALIE LE VALLOIS ◽  
KARINE MARTEL ◽  
VIRGINIE LAVAL
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Communication Situation ◽  
The Way

AbstractHyperbole supports irony comprehension in adults by heightening the contrast between what is said and the actual situation. Because young children do not perceive the communication situation as a whole, but rather give precedence to either the utterance or the context, we predicted that hyperbole would reduce irony comprehension in six-year-olds (n= 40) by overemphasizing what was said. By contrast, ten-year-olds (n= 40) would benefit from hyperbole in the way that adults do, as they would perceive the utterance and context as a whole, highlighted by the speaker's ironic intent. Short animated cartoons featuring ironic criticisms were shown to participants. We assessed comprehension of the speaker's belief and speaker's intent. Results supported our predictions. The development of mentalization during school years and its impact on the development of irony comprehension is discussed.

scholarly journals De la Televisión a la Red. Diferencias entre el subtitulado profesional y el amateur

Triangle ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
M. José Rodríguez Campillo
Keyword(s):  
Television Programs ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
La Red ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
The Way

This work focuses on the analysis of the linguistic differences between TV and Internet subtitling, specifically YouTube subtitling (which we call "amateur "). Spatio-temporal restrictions that apply to captioning reveal the impossibility of carrying out a literal transcript of what is said, since this transcript would not allow the user to view the image and to extract meaning from content in a such a short period of time. In this paper, we analyze the linguistic consequences of those restrictions and of the differences in the way of subtitling. The main contribution of this paper is to bring to light the need to dene new criteria for subtitling in order to improve the understanding of television programs.

The Difference between Lying and Misleading

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Stokke
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
The World ◽  
Question Under Discussion ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prosodic Focus

The notions of what is said and assertion, as relative to questions under discussion, are used to provide an account of the lying-misleading distinction. The chapter argues that utterances are sometimes interpreted relative to the so-called Big Question, roughly paraphrased by “What is the world like?” This observation is shown to account for the fact that, when conveying standard conversational implicatures, what is asserted is likewise proposed for the common ground. The chapter applies the resulting account of the lying-misleading distinction to ways of lying and misleading with incomplete predicates, possessives, presuppositions, pronouns, and prosodic focus. A formal notion of contextual questionentailment is defined which shows when it is possible to mislead with respect to a question under discussion while avoiding outright lying.

The Pragmatics of Empty Names

Dialogue ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Empty Names ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Natural Test

ABSTRACTFred Adams and collaborators advocate a view on which empty-name sentences semantically encode incomplete propositions, but which can be used to conversationally implicate descriptive propositions. This account has come under criticism recently from Marga Reimer and Anthony Everett. Reimer correctly observes that their account does not pass a natural test for conversational implicatures, namely, that an explanation of our intuitions in terms of implicature should be such that we upon hearing it recognize it to be roughly correct. Everett argues that the implicature view provides an explanation of only some of our intuitions, and is in fact incompatible with others, especially those concerning the modal profile of sentences containing empty names. I offer a pragmatist treatment of empty names based upon the recognition that the Gricean distinction between what is said and what is implicated is not exhaustive, and argue that such a solution avoids both Everett's and Reimer's criticisms.

The haunting quality of racism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Durrheim ◽  
Amy Jo Murray
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Past ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Way

Anti-racism has nurtured many visions of post-racism futures. All this talk and political action relies on and reproduces discourses of racism. While much of this discursive force lies in what is said, we argue that a haunting quality of racism may arise from what is unsaid. This includes the multifarious points of connection between the present and the past. We are all implicated, albeit unevenly. This article describes the phenomenon of spectral racism that arises from such implicature. We develop a discursive account of its constitution in acts of dialogical repression, and we consider some of the social psychological and political ramifications of haunting racism. We illustrate our arguments by an analysis of the way the prohibition against the use of the k-word echoes the toxic past and zombifies racism via psychological enticement.

Gendered Subjectivities and Cyberspace Dialogues in Lebanon

2014 ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Jihan Rabah
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Comic Strips ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the use of a feminist website that raises awareness about issues related to Lebanese women. By uniting women’s voices via blogging, story narration, and comic strips, the Nasawiya feminists strive to challenge the hegemonic discourses that currently constitute the reality of women from Middle Eastern countries such as Lebanon. The author inspects the discourses in that space and how they articulate the meanings of what is said and cannot be said, thereby conditioning the way gender and citizenship reality is constituted. The author concludes that cyberspace provides a new form of resistance for women in the Arab World. It is a promising advocacy medium for confronting patriarchy and all its intersections, hopefully paving the way for a better future for all citizens.

Subject, topic, given and salient: sentence-beginnings in Latin

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 81-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Sequential Order ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

This paper summarises the results of an investigation into sentence-beginnings made as part of an attempt to find an approach to word order which would be effective in revealing linguistic continuity as well as coping with the complexity of facts. Its point of origin is the intuition that for a native speaker the process of understanding what is said or written ought to be, at least within reasonable limits, both continuous and in some way in keeping with the order in which the utterance or text is presented.Utterances are linear and temporal, and the ear passes what it receives to the brain in a sequential order that matches the auditory stimulus itself, a fact reflected in the way we write and read; it would be anomalous (though by no means impossible within certian limitations) if the brain were toprocessthe incoming material in some other order. It is therefore worth considering the order in which discourse elements are represented.

scholarly journals Where is the humor in verbal irony?

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Gibbs ◽  
Gregory A. Bryant ◽  
Herbert L. Colston
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Verbal Irony ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Conversational Implicatures

AbstractIrony is often related to humor, both in spoken and written language. One possibility is that humor arises once people reconcile the incongruity between what speakers say and imply when using irony. Humor automatically emerges in these cases given the release of tension following a momentary sense of disparity. Our claim is that this proposal does not capture many of the dynamic complexities in real-world ironic discourse. We describe psychological research on irony understanding showing that ironic meanings are not always understood via a process of drawing conversational implicatures. Studies on people's spontaneous laughter when using irony suggest that the recognition of incongruity between what is said and implied is not necessary for eliciting humor. Laughter occurs at various places in conversation, and not necessarily at the end of speakers' utterances. People also laugh for reasons other than humor, such as to signal affiliation. Overall, finding the humor in irony is not the same as seen in simple jokes, and demands examination of a complex host of contextual factors not always considered in linguistic theories of humor.

How Austin does things with words

Dialogue ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345
Author(s):  
Jon Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
To Come ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
The Way

Professor J. L. Austin published only reluctantly during his life time so that we are getting much of his major work after his death. I think this an enormous pity as there would be much to be learned from his answers to the criticisms which have already been given to his books by critical reviewers. I differ from many of the reviewers in that I think How To Do Things With Words is one of the most important books, if not the most important, to come out since Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. Like the Investigations, to a superficial glance it exists in isolation. That is, in it there is little discussion of current or traditional philosophical problems and the application of what is said to these problems is a matter, in large part, for the reader. The book itself consists in a set of relatively simple sentences, almost all of them about some aspect of the English language; it therefore represents not so much a problem of interpretation as the problem of which way up we shall look at it. The obvious way to look at it, the way Austin explicitly offers us, is as the Pursuit of the Performative. For reasons I shall give later, I do not think this is the best way to look at it but it is the way with which I shall start.

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