scholarly journals Belief-biased representations of textual information in bilinguals: Language as a source characteristic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad N. Karimi ◽  
Tobias Richter
Keyword(s):  
Situation Model ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Text Base ◽  
Base Strength ◽  
Source Characteristic ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
Consistency Effects

AbstractWhen pursuing a controversial socio-scientific issue, readers are expected to construct balanced representations that include overlapping and opposing information. However, readers’ mental representations are often biased towards their prior beliefs. Previous research on such text-belief consistency effects have been conducted mostly in monolingual contexts. The present study investigated whether document language, as a source characteristic, moderates text-belief consistency effects at the situation-model and text-base representation levels. Eighty-seven bilingual readers—selected from a larger initial sample—read two documents on the global spread of English. The documents were either presented in participants’ first (Persian) and second (English) languages, or one was presented in Persian and the other one in English. A recognition task was used to assess situation-model strength and text-base strength. Overall, participants built stronger situation models for the belief-consistent information as opposed to belief-inconsistent information. However, document language moderated the text-belief consistency effect. When both texts were presented in English, the text-belief consistency effect was smaller than when both texts were presented in Persian. For the combination of English and Persian texts, the text-belief consistency effect was enlarged when the belief-consistent text was presented in English and the belief-inconsistent text in Persian but disappeared when the text-belief consistent text was presented in Persian and the belief-inconsistent text in English. These results suggest that document language can serve as a strong credibility cue that can eliminate belief effects, at least when the document language and the controversial issue are inherently related.

Broadening the Measurement of Situation Awareness through Cognitive Engineering Methods

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Cooke ◽  
Renée Stout ◽  
Eduardo Salas
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Cognitive Structures ◽  
Team Process ◽  
Situation Assessment ◽  
Engineering Approach

Situation awareness (SA) and team SA are popular concepts, yet vaguely defined and inadequately measured. They involve representations of the current situation, performance resulting from those representations, and cognitive structures and processes leading to those representations. Current measures of individual and team SA focus on the assessment of performance or the accuracy of the resulting situation model at the expense of other aspects of SA, such as situation assessment, mental models, and team process behaviors. As a result, these measures fail to capture the richness of the constructs of individual and team SA, critical for applications involving training and team SA. We propose that a cognitive engineering approach to measuring SA which focuses on the elicitation of the cognition underlying SA, can extend measurement by overcoming many of the current limits. As an illustration, the measurement of situation models using this approach is presented.

scholarly journals Operation-Specific Lexical Consistency Effect in Fronto-Insular-Parietal Network During Word Problem Solving

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan-Tat Ng ◽  
Tzu-Chen Lung ◽  
Ting-Ting Chang
Keyword(s):  
Word Problem ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Word Problem Solving ◽  
Relational Term ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Problem Description ◽  
Problem Solvers ◽  
Consistency Effects

The practice of mathematical word problem is ubiquitous and thought to impact academic achievement. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how lexical consistency of word problem description is modulated in adults' brain responses during word problem solution. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging methods, we examined compare word problems that included relational statements, such as “A dumpling costs 9 dollars. A wonton is 2 dollars less than a dumpling. How much does a wonton cost?” and manipulated lexical consistency (consistent: the relational term consistent with the operation to be performed, e.g., more—addition/inconsistent: e.g., less—addition) and problem operation (addition/subtraction). We found a consistency by operation interaction in the widespread fronto-insular-parietal activations, including the anterior insula, dorsoanterior cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus, such that inconsistent problems engaged stronger activations than consistent problems for addition, whereas the consistency effect was inverse for subtraction. Critically, these results were more salient in the less successful problem solvers than their more successful peers. Our study is the first to demonstrate that lexical consistency effects on arithmetic neural networks are modulated during reading word problem that required distinct arithmetic operations. More broadly, our study has strong potentials to add linkage between neuroscience and education by remediating deficits and enhance instruction design in the school curriculum.

scholarly journals Situation model updating in young and older adults

2019 ◽  
pp. 016502541987412
Author(s):  
Lara Hoeben Mannaert ◽  
Katinka Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Model Updating ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related

Over the past decade or so, developments in language comprehension research in the domain of cognitive aging have converged on support for resilience in older adults with regard to situation model updating when reading texts. Several studies have shown that even though age-related declines in language comprehension appear at the level of the surface form and text base of the text, these age differences do not apply to the creation and updating of situation models. In fact, older adults seem more sensitive to certain manipulations of situation model updating. This article presents a review of theories on situation model updating as well how they match with research on situation model updating in younger and older adults. Factors that may be responsible for the resilience of language comprehension in older age will be discussed as well as avenues for future research.

Compensation and consistency effects in proenvironmental behaviour: The moderating role of majority and minority support for proenvironmental values

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Lalot ◽  
Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor ◽  
Alain Quiamzade
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Change Strategies ◽  
Intention To Adopt ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Consistency Effects

Western citizens perceive human behaviour as a significant cause of climate change and increasingly adopt proenvironmental behaviours. However, such positively connoted behaviours can either increase (consistency) or decrease (compensation) the probability that one acts in a similar way in the future. Drawing from social influence and social identity literatures, we propose that numerical support for proenvironmental values (majority vs. minority) moderates the effect of past behaviour on intention to adopt proenvironmental behaviour. Across three studies ( N = 500), past behaviour, either measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Studies 2 and 3) interacted with numerical support, manipulated (Studies 1 and 2) or measured (Study 3), to predict proenvironmental intention and behaviour. Results showed that majority support results in balancing dynamics, whereas minority support results in a consistency effect. These findings highlight the importance of the normative context for proenvironmental behaviour adoption and offer leads for developing behaviour change strategies.

scholarly journals SPECIFICS OF DISCOURSE SITUATION MODELS (ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH OF T. A. VAN DIJK)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 75-77
Author(s):  
Oleg Storchak
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Discourse Processing ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Discourse Understanding

This paper deals with discourse situation models that are the mental models of episodic memory and the mechanisms of the activation of intertextual and interdiscursive inclusions. The situation model is constructed on the basis of the situation schema that contains a limited number of terminal categories. The situation model is created on the basis of the text and the knowledge of the person rather than on propositions of the textbase. The personality-based knowledge accumulates personal experience, sets, feelings and emotions as well as information that is not available in the text. Discourse understanding is carried out by means of the cognitive representation of text-based situations, actions and people. If events, actions and people are well presented in situation models, the understanding of the text is effective. In the course of nontextual analysis the person makes inferences on the basis of situation models. Discourse processing is performed on a conceptual level rather than a linguistic one. Situation models are the basis for frames and scripts, which represent abstract knowledge. The context model is a link between the situation model and textbase.

Anaphor Resolution as a Function of Spatial Distance and Priming: Exploring the Spatial Distance Effect in Situation Models

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Dutke
Keyword(s):  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Anaphor Resolution ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Multi Level

Abstract. Anaphor resolution has been found to depend on the spatial distance between the reader’s focus of attention and the location of the anaphor referent in a spatially organized situation model (spatial distance effect; Rinck & Bower, 1995 ; Morrow et al., 1987 ). This effect implies that a) the situation model is spatially organized and b) spatial distance has a stronger effect on the resolution of anaphoric reference than the text priming the anaphor referent. In three experiments, adult participants read 12 short narratives about protagonists moving around a building. Mentioning the location of the anaphor referent in text prior to the anaphoric sentence facilitated anaphor resolution. Decreased spatial distance consistently facilitated anaphor resolution, even when priming the anaphor referent affected anaphor resolution more strongly than spatial distance. Results are discussed with regard to the interpretation and reliability of the spatial distance effect and the interaction of different representational levels in the context of multi-level theories of text comprehension.

scholarly journals Children’s surface, textbase, and situation model representations of written and illustrated written narrative text

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt T. Seger ◽  
Wienke Wannagat ◽  
Gerhild Nieding
Keyword(s):  
Situation Model ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Tripartite Model ◽  
Text Representation ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Sentence Recognition

AbstractAccording to the tripartite model of text representation (van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983), readers form representations of the text surface and textbase, and construct a situation model. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate whether these levels of representation would be affected by adding illustrations to narrative text and whether the order of text and illustrations would make a difference. Students aged between 7 and 13 years (N = 146) read 12 narrative texts, 4 of them with illustrations presented before their corresponding sentences, 4 with illustrations presented after, and 4 without any illustration. A sentence recognition task was used to assess the accuracy for text surface, textbase, and situation model. For the text surface and situation model, neither the presence of illustrations nor the order of text and illustrations influenced accuracy. However, the textbase was negatively affected by illustrations when they followed their corresponding sentences. We suggest that illustrations can initiate model inspection after situation model construction (Schnotz, 2014), a process that can make substantial changes to the textbase representation.

scholarly journals An Extended Cognitive Situation Model for Capturing Subjective Dynamics of Events from Social Media

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Wang ◽  
Damminda Alahakoon ◽  
Daswin De Silva
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Event Models ◽  
Social Opinions ◽  
The Impact

The event-indexing situation models are introduced as event models derived from language to facilitate comprehension and memory retrieval. These models explain how fragmental information about events are collected, integrated and updated into a coherent set of views of what the text is about. The models are adopted as the basis of this study as an attempt to capture the event with contextual, dynamic, and social features, as conveyed by the vast volumes of online textual resources. Information in social media is received through highly personalized channels and is reshaped and interpreted in a more individual, segmental and real-time manner. The reprocessed information is then spread at high speed to a wider range of receivers. Therefore, the interpretation of mainstream media content is influenced by ongoing and dynamic contribution of opinions by users empowered by social media. This new phenomenon has not been examined so far from the perspective of the impact on conventional situation models. This paper explores how collaborative and sharing aspects of social media emphasize subjectivity of interpretation of mainstream media and proposes an extended cognitive situation model which better represents event-centric knowledge. This study investigates the mechanisms for constructing and updating the situation models with continuous textual information streamed from heterogeneous forms of media. It also empirically demonstrates how the proposed model can enhance the understanding of subjective aspects of events with dynamic social opinions.

Mental Representations of the Text Surface, the Text Base, and the Situation Model in Auditory and Audiovisual Texts in 7-, 9-, and 11-Year-Olds

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wienke Wannagat ◽  
Gesine Waizenegger ◽  
Juliane Hauf ◽  
Gerhild Nieding
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Text Base

Positioning the reader: the effect of narrative point-of-view and familiarity of experience on situation model construction

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
MELISSA MULCAHY ◽  
BETHANIE GOULDTHORP
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Reading Engagement ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
First Person ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Third Person

abstractPrevious research suggests that situation model construction may be influenced by a reader’s ability to embody the first-person perspective of the protagonist, including character emotions, during online comprehension. This study examined the effect of narrative point-of-view and readers’ own prior personal experience on reading engagement and comprehension. Participants read eighty short story passages on a computer screen, each describing either a familiar or an unfamiliar event. Stories were written in the first or third person, and either featured or did not feature a shift in protagonist emotions in the last sentence of the text. The results indicated that the use of third-person narrative point-of-view had an overall effect on reading engagement and enhanced readers’ ability to monitor changing character emotions. First-person narrative point-of-view, however, promoted protagonist empathy when participants read about unfamiliar events. The results also provide support for the conclusion that readers were more engaged with the story and constructed more effective situation models when they had prior personal experience of story events.

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