scholarly journals Cutaneous Hypersensitivity as an Indicator of Visceral Inflammation via C-Nociceptor Axon Bifurcation

Author(s):  
Yehong Fang ◽  
Shu Han ◽  
Xiaoxue Li ◽  
Yikuan Xie ◽  
Bing Zhu ◽  
...  

Abstract Pain on the body surface can accompany disorders in the deep tissue or internal organs. However, the anatomical and physiological mechanisms are obscure. Here, we provided direct evidence of axon bifurcation in primary C-nociceptive neurons that innervate both the skin and a visceral organ. Double-labeled dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and Evans blue extravasation were observed in 3 types of chemically-induced visceral inflammation (colitis, urocystitis, and acute gastritis) rat models. In the colitis model, mechanical hypersensitivity and spontaneous activity were recorded in vivo from double-labeled C-nociceptive neurons in S1 or L6 DRGs. These neurons showed significantly enhanced responses to both somatic stimulation and colorectal distension. Our findings suggest that the branching of C-nociceptor axons contribute to cutaneous hypersensitivity in visceral inflammation. Cutaneous hypersensitivity on certain locations of the body surface might serve as an indicator of pathological conditions in the corresponding visceral organ.

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-416
Author(s):  
J. A. KITCHING

1. Various flagellates and small ciliates stick to the axopods of Actinophrys. Contact with the base of an axopod or with the body surface leads to the outgrowth of a food funnel, by which the prey is ultimately surrounded. 2. If a fine probe or micropipette touches the body surface or the base of an axopod, a small cup may grow out over it, investing it closely, but the instrument is soon released. A squirt of tap water from a micropipette may also provoke the outgrowth of a small lobe or cup, or local pinocytosis. 3. Contact with, or a squirt from, a micropipette containing a solution of egg albumin provokes a more extensive reaction. The micropipette usually becomes invested extensively. The micropipette is drawn into the body and held there for up to an hour. 4 Immersion in egg albumin solution leads to a temporary spreading and lobulation of the axopod bases, and later a ‘skin’ may separate from the body surface. Skin formation is more pronounced in serum albumin solution, and may also be induced by γ-globulins and gelatin. 5. On treatment in vivo with toluidine blue or thionine a violet layer in the body surface separates as a pinkish violet or violet skin, leaving the body surface unstained. 6. There is evidence that the skin-forming substance is associated directly or indirectly with the maintenance of cell shape.


1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxia Cheng ◽  
Hongbo Zhang ◽  
Dawei Luo ◽  
Dayong Gao

Abstract To prevent body from injury during the hyper- and hypo-thermic therapy, knowledge of the temperature distribution in the body surface (e.g. skin or tissue) close to the therapy location is needed. In order to predict, by calculation, the correct temperature field, it is essential to input meaningful values of the thermal properties of the body surface into numerical and analytical simulation models of its behavior during heating or cooling. A simple experimental apparatus for measuring effective thermal conductivity of the body surface has been developed. It differs from the previously developed apparatus. In experiments, a fine platinum wire (0.01 mm in diameter) with electrical resistance R (0.4Ω)is embedded between a tested specimen (body surface) and a silicone rubber. When the wire, specimen and rubber are in thermal equilibrium, and a constant electrical power is applied to the wire, the temperature increase of the wire against logarithm time in predetermined time interval was measured. The kinetics of this temperature rising is related to the thermal conductivity of the tested specimen and silicone rubber. The thermal conductivity of the silicone rubber is known from reference or measured. So the thermal conductivity of tested specimen can be calculated by measuring the temperature rise of platinum wire at predetermined time interval. It is assumed that (1) the wire is infinite long and the heat source is steady, (2) the tested medium (e.g. the tested specimen and the silicone rubber) are infinite large in space, and contact resistance between the fine wire and soft medium is negligible. The apparatus’ validity has been demonstrated by the following tests. First, as the standard specimen, thermal conductivity of glycerol and fused quartz glass (99.9% SiO2) were respectively measured using the apparatus. The relative errors between measured thermal conductivity and data provided by Thermophysical Properties Research Center (TPRC) are less than 0.7%. The validity of the theory model was also confirmed using several inorganic specimens and biological materials (e.g. rabbit sin, in vivo). Conditions and prerequisites for application of the technique and apparatus to measuring thermal conductivity of biomaterials (in vivo) were discussed.


2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.J. Twardowski ◽  
R.M. Seger

The tip of a central vein catheter for hemodialysis should be located in the upper right atrium for the best performance. Hemodialysis catheters do have internal diameters unadjusted to the catheter length; however, the longer the catheter the slower the flow at the same pressure difference. On the other hand, the catheter diameter cannot be so large as to fill the vein too tightly as it predisposes to damage of the vein wall, thrombosis and stenosis. Therefore, the catheter length and diameter should be appropriate for the patient. For this purpose, the exact dimensions of the venous system in vivo should be known. In this study we correlated the anthropometric measurements and the dimensions of the large upper body veins in 31 adult volunteers. After deep inspiration, magnetic resonance imaging of the chest was performed in three planes; the positions of specific points in the three-dimensional coordinate system were measured, and the distance to adjacent points was calculated according to the analytic geometry formula. The total length from the catheter entry point to the right atrium was the sum of distances between the adjacent points. The lengths of the veins were correlated with the body anthropometric measurements (height, weight, body surface area, bi-acromion span, and height plus bi-acromion span). The best overall correlations of the lengths and diameters of the large upper body veins are with the body surface area. A table is included to guide the selection of the total catheter length and diameter in relation to the body surface area and insertion site.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal M. Merchant ◽  
Omid Sayadi ◽  
Kwanghyun Sohn ◽  
Eric H. Weiss ◽  
Dheeraj Puppala ◽  
...  

Background: Repolarization alternans (RA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Methods: We have developed a real-time, closed-loop system to record and analyze RA from multiple intracardiac leads, and deliver dynamically R-wave triggered pacing stimuli during the absolute refractory period. We have evaluated the ability of this system to control RA and reduce arrhythmia susceptibility, in vivo. Results: R-wave triggered pacing can induce RA, the magnitude of which can be modulated by varying the amplitude, pulse width, and size of the pacing vector. Using a swine model (n=9), we demonstrate that to induce a 1 µV change in the alternans voltage on the body surface, coronary sinus and left ventricle leads, requires a delivered charge of 0.04±0.02, 0.05±0.025, and 0.06±0.033 µC, respectively, while to induce a one unit change of the K score , requires a delivered charge of 0.93±0.73, 0.32±0.29, and 0.33±0.37 µC, respectively. For all body surface and intracardiac leads, both Δ(alternans voltage) and ΔK score between baseline and R-wave triggered paced beats increases consistently with an increase in the pacing pulse amplitude, pulse width, and vector spacing. Additionally, we show that the proposed method can be used to suppress spontaneously occurring alternans (n=7), in the presence of myocardial ischemia. Suppression of RA by pacing during the absolute refractory period results in a significant reduction in arrhythmia susceptibility, evidenced by a lower S rank score during programmed ventricular stimulation compared with baseline before ischemia. Conclusions: We have developed and evaluated a novel closed-loop method to dynamically modulate RA in a swine model. Our data suggest that suppression of RA directly reduces arrhythmia susceptibility and reinforces the concept that RA plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenesis.


2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1916-1926 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tanné ◽  
Lyes Kadem ◽  
Régis Rieu ◽  
Philippe Pibarot

Recent clinical studies reported that prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) becomes clinically relevant when the effective orifice area (EOA) indexed by the body surface area (iEOA) is <1.2–1.25 cm2/m2. To examine the effect of PPM on transmitral pressure gradient and left atrial (LA) and pulmonary arterial (PA) pressures and to validate the PPM cutoff values, we used a lumped model to compute instantaneous pressures, volumes, and flows into the left-sided heart and the pulmonary and systemic circulations. We simulated hemodynamic conditions at low cardiac output, at rest, and at three levels of exercise. The iEOA was varied from 0.44 to 1.67 cm2/m2. We normalized the mean pressure gradient by the square of mean mitral flow indexed by the body surface area to determine at which cutoff values of iEOA the impact of PPM becomes hemodynamically significant. In vivo data were used to validate the numerical study, which shows that small values of iEOA (severe PPM) induce high PA pressure (residual PA hypertension) and contribute to its nonnormalization following a valve replacement, providing a justification for implementation of operative strategies to prevent PPM. Furthermore, we emphasize the major impact of pulmonary resistance and compliance on PA pressure. The model suggests also that the cutoff iEOA that should be used to define PPM at rest in the mitral position is ∼1.16 cm2/m2. At higher levels of exercise, the threshold for iEOA is rather close to 1.5 cm2/m2. Severe PPM should be considered when iEOA is <0.94 cm2/m2 at rest.


2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.


1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Oosterom

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.


Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.


Author(s):  
А.А. Раецкая ◽  
С.В. Калиш ◽  
С.В. Лямина ◽  
Е.В. Малышева ◽  
О.П. Буданова ◽  
...  

Цель исследования. Доказательство гипотезы, что репрограммированные in vitro на М3 фенотип макрофаги при введении в организм будут существенно ограничивать развитие солидной карциномы in vivo . Методика. Рост солидной опухоли инициировали у мышей in vivo путем подкожной инъекции клеток карциномы Эрлиха (КЭ). Инъекцию макрофагов с нативным М0 фенотипом и с репрограммированным M3 фенотипом проводили в область формирования солидной КЭ. Репрограммирование проводили с помощью низких доз сыворотки, блокаторов факторов транскрипции STAT3/6 и SMAD3 и липополисахарида. Использовали две схемы введения макрофагов: раннее и позднее. При раннем введении макрофаги вводили на 1-е, 5-е, 10-е и 15-е сут. после инъекции клеток КЭ путем обкалывания макрофагами с четырех сторон область развития опухоли. При позднем введении, макрофаги вводили на 10-е, 15-е, 20-е и 25-е сут. Через 15 и 30 сут. после введения клеток КЭ солидную опухоль иссекали и измеряли ее объем. Эффект введения макрофагов оценивали качественно по визуальной и пальпаторной характеристикам солидной опухоли и количественно по изменению ее объема по сравнению с группой без введения макрофагов (контроль). Результаты. Установлено, что M3 макрофаги при раннем введении от начала развития опухоли оказывают выраженный антиопухолевый эффект in vivo , который был существенно более выражен, чем при позднем введении макрофагов. Заключение. Установлено, что введение репрограммированных макрофагов M3 ограничивает развитие солидной карциномы в экспериментах in vivo . Противоопухолевый эффект более выражен при раннем введении М3 макрофагов. Обнаруженные в работе факты делают перспективным разработку клинической версии биотехнологии ограничения роста опухоли, путем предварительного программирования антиопухолевого врожденного иммунного ответа «в пробирке». Aim. To verify a hypothesis that macrophages reprogrammed in vitro to the M3 phenotype and injected into the body substantially restrict the development of solid carcinoma in vivo . Methods. Growth of a solid tumor was initiated in mice in vivo with a subcutaneous injection of Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) cells. Macrophages with a native M0 phenotype or reprogrammed towards the M3 phenotype were injected into the region of developing solid EC. Reprogramming was performed using low doses of serum, STAT3/6 and SMAD3 transcription factor blockers, and lipopolysaccharide. Two schemes of macrophage administration were used: early and late. With the early administration, macrophages were injected on days 1, 5, 10, and 15 following the injection of EC cells at four sides of the tumor development area. With the late administration, macrophages were injected on days 10, 15, 20, and 25. At 15 and 30 days after the EC cell injection, the solid tumor was excised and its volume was measured. The effect of macrophage administration was assessed both qualitatively by visual and palpation characteristics of solid tumor and quantitatively by changes in the tumor volume compared with the group without the macrophage treatment. Results. M3 macrophages administered early after the onset of tumor development exerted a pronounced antitumor effect in vivo , which was significantly greater than the antitumor effect of the late administration of M3 macrophages. Conclusion. The observed significant inhibition of in vivo growth of solid carcinoma by M3 macrophages makes promising the development of a clinical version of the biotechnology for restriction of tumor growth by in vitro pre-programming of the antitumor, innate immune response.


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