scholarly journals Take a deep breath… The evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoid spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Lopardo ◽  
Peter Michalik ◽  
Gustavo Hormiga
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Deep Breath ◽  
Book Lungs ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
Behavioral Features ◽  
System Configurations ◽  
High Diversity

AbstractSpiders are unique in having a dual respiratory system with book lungs and tracheae, and most araneomorph spiders breathe simultaneously via book lungs and tracheae, or tracheae alone. The respiratory organs of spiders are diverse but relatively conserved within families. The small araneoid spiders of the symphytognathoid clade exhibit a remarkably high diversity of respiratory organs and arrangements, unparalleled by any other group of ecribellate orb weavers. In the present study, we explore and review the diversity of symphytognathoid respiratory organs. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoids based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic frameworks to date. There are no less than 22 different respiratory system configurations in symphytognathoids. The phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that the anterior tracheal system evolved from fully developed book lungs and, conversely, reduced book lungs have originated independently at least twice from its homologous tracheal conformation. Our hypothesis suggests that structurally similar book lungs might have originated through different processes of tracheal transformation in different families. In symphytognathoids, the posterior tracheal system has either evolved into a highly branched and complex system or it is completely lost. No evident morphological or behavioral features satisfactorily explains the exceptional variation of the symphytognathoid respiratory organs.

scholarly journals The Respiratory System of Mallophaga

Parasitology ◽  
1915 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Launcelot Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Tracheal System

The respiratory system in Mallophaga has not hitherto been described in detail. Kellogg (1896, p. 45) gives the disposition of the main trunks in Tetrophthcdmus, together with a figure; Snodgrass (1899, p. 170) adds nothing to Kellogg's account; Fulmek (1907) dismisses the tracheal system with a paragraph; Shipley (1909) gives a detailed figure for Goniodes tetraonis which is neither complete nor altogether exact; and Mjöberg (1910), although devoting several pages of his morphological section to the respiratory system, is chiefly concerned with the occluding apparatus of the stigmata. He does, however, figure the main trunks in Eutrichophilus, and the occluding apparatus in Gyropus ovalis; and makes certain general statements which may be summarised as follows:

Strategic selection of assembly systems under viable demands

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Yamada ◽  
Kakefuda Satomi ◽  
Masayuki Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Assembly Systems ◽  
Lot Size ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Demand Fluctuations ◽  
System Configurations ◽  
Assembly Models

PurposeAims to strategically compare assembly lines to cell production including flexible cell system (FCS) under viable demands using the pair matrix table by the lot size and the number of stations and select the efficient assembly systems on demand fluctuations.Design/methodology/approachThis paper sets an assembly problem of the respective models for assembly line systems, autonomous cell system and FCS, and presents a comparative approach by the pair matrix table for the strategic selection. The simulators were constructed for the respective models, and the pair matrix tables with the profit and lead time were drawn and shown.FindingsFinds that the pair matrix table by the lot size and the number of stations are applicable in the strategic selection for comparative assembly systems, and FCS, consisting of multiple self‐completion stations connected by conveyors, is stable when there are viable changes in the demand quantity and the number of stations.Research limitations/implicationsProvides an economic comparative approach for a strategic selection in assembly models with different system configurations by simulation.Practical implicationsThe approach proposed in this paper will provide a strategic selection quantitatively with system managers to achieve higher profit and shorter lead times under viable demands.Originality/valueIntroduces the pair matrix table by the lot size and the number of stations, and compares strategically and quantitatively the respective assembly models based on an optimal design by the two‐stage design method in view of profits and lead times under viable demands.

The embryology of Lytta viridana LeConte (Coleoptera: Meloidae). VIII. The respiratory system

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1547-1554
Author(s):  
J. G. Rempel ◽  
N. S. Church
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Tracheal Wall ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Single Opening

The tracheal system arises as intrasegmental ectodermal invaginations in the anterolateral regions of the mesothorax, metathorax, and first eight abdominal segments. Dorsal, dorsal visceral, ventral visceral, and ventral tracheal branches from the spiracular tracheae form in most segments. A ventral visceral trachea is lacking in the mesothorax and a dorsal visceral in the metathorax. Before eclosion the metathoracic ventral visceral trachea disappears and the metathoracic spiracle becomes occluded. The longitudinal tracheal trunks develop after the segmental tracheae from cephalad branches from the spiracles. The ventrolateral trunk to the head supplies branches to all the cephalic appendages, including the antenna and labrum. The trachea to the prothoracic ganglion and leg probably represents the ventral trachea from a primitive prothoracic spiracle. The trachea to the suboesophageal ganglion and the cephalic ventrolateral trunk may represent branches from an original "labial" spiracle. An internal closing apparatus involves the spiracular tracheal wall and has a single opening muscle. The oenocyte bodies form by ectodermal cell proliferation in the posterolateral regions of the first eight abdominal segments.

Powertrain Synthesis for the Design of Complex System Configurations

MTZ worldwide ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Danzer ◽  
Mark Vallon ◽  
Wolfgang Wukisiewitsch ◽  
Matthias Kratzsch
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
System Configurations

Memoirs: On the Post-embryonic Development of the Respiratory System of Dialeurodes dissimilis (Homoptera, Aleurodidae)

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-77 (308) ◽  
pp. 605-622
Author(s):  
M. L. ROONWAL
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Main System ◽  
Exact Position

1. Accounts of the post-embryonic development of the tracheal system of any insect are extremely meagre. The development of the breathing-folds has not been studied in any of the Aleurodidae. 2. The present account is concerned with the post-embryonic development of the respiratory system (the tracheal system and the breathing-folds) in the nymphs of Dialeurodes dissimilis Quaintance and Baker (Aleurodidae, Homoptera). 3. The number of spiracles in all the nymphal instars is four (probably five in the first instar). They lie on the ventral surface of the nymphs but their exact position varies in the different instars. The third pair of spiracles is replaced by an entirely new one in the third instar. The spiracles, as studied in the pupa, are of a simple type and have no closing mechanism. 4. The tracheal system consists fundamentally of paired ventral- and dorsal-longitudinal tracheal trunks, two dorsalcommissural tracheae, the spiracular and palisade tracheae, and the various branches of the main system. 5. Growth of the tracheal system consists, on the whole, of arborescent branching from the main system, but there also occur some interesting changes of atrophy. All these changes are described in detail. 6. The final number of tracheal branches (in the pupa) is constant, and is 156. 7. There is a gradual shifting backwards of the tracheal system with reference to the body segments. 8. Some of the tracheal branches which in the pupa are apparently homologous actually develop heterochronously. 9. The structure and development of the breathing-folds is described and their function discussed.

scholarly journals The pulmonary microbiome: challenges of a new paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Nathan Costa ◽  
Felipe Marques da Costa ◽  
Silvia Vidal Campos ◽  
Roberta Karla Salles ◽  
Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Qualitative Knowledge ◽  
High Diversity

ABSTRACT The study of the human microbiome-and, more recently, that of the respiratory system-by means of sophisticated molecular biology techniques, has revealed the immense diversity of microbial colonization in humans, in human health, and in various diseases. Apparently, contrary to what has been believed, there can be nonpathogenic colonization of the lungs by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Although this physiological lung microbiome presents low colony density, it presents high diversity. However, some pathological conditions lead to a loss of that diversity, with increasing concentrations of some bacterial genera, to the detriment of others. Although we possess qualitative knowledge of the bacteria present in the lungs in different states of health or disease, that knowledge has advanced to an understanding of the interaction of this microbiota with the local and systemic immune systems, through which it modulates the immune response. Given this intrinsic relationship between the microbiota and the lungs, studies have put forth new concepts about the pathophysiological mechanisms of homeostasis in the respiratory system and the potential dysbiosis in some diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, asthma, and interstitial lung disease. This departure from the paradigm regarding knowledge of the lung microbiota has made it imperative to improve understanding of the role of the microbiome, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets and to develop innovative clinical approaches. Through this new leap of knowledge, the results of preliminary studies could translate to benefits for our patients.

scholarly journals A REVIEW OF VEGADHARANA

2021 ◽  
Vol p5 (03) ◽  
pp. 2843-2851
Author(s):  
Zahra M.S.F ◽  
Kulathunga R.D.H. ◽  
Chathurika L.A.W.J.
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Harmful Substances

The human body is an awesome complex system, having numerous ways to balance and to eliminate the harmful substances out of the body. In Ayurveda viewpoint for this purpose, the body is furnished with natural urges known as Vegas. Suppression of these natural urges are known as Vegadharana. This study was focused to analyze and identify the effects and common clinical features of Vegadharana on human body. Secondary data was collected, and results revealed that suppression of Adharaneeya Vegas affect Cardiovascular System, Gastrointestinal Tract, Respiratory System, Urinary System and Reproductive System in the body. In addition, common clinical features produced by Vegadharana were weakness of the body, constipation, anorexia, headache, diseases of eye, difficulty in micturition, bending of the body and stiffness of the neck. These clinical features and diseases arise due to vitia- tion of Vata dosha through Vegadharana. Hence, Ayurveda strongly recommends that not to suppress the urges in any condition. Keywords: Vegadharana, suppression of natural urge, Vata Dosa, Ayurveda

A review of the spider family Filistatidae in Argentina (Arachnida, Araneae), with a cladistic reanalysis of filistatid genera

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Ramírez ◽  
Cristian J. Grismado
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Book Lungs ◽  
Previous Hypothesis ◽  
Partial Fusion

AbstractThe spider family Filistatidae is represented in Argentina by at least twelve species. The synanthropic and apparently introduced Kukulcania hibernalis (Hentz) is the only representative of the Filistatinae. The remaining species all belong to Prithinae. Two new prithine genera are described: Lihuelistata is erected for Filistata metamerica Mello-Leitão, and Misionella is erected for Filistata mendensis Mello-Leitão. Pikelinia Mello-Leitão is represented by P. tambilloi (Mello-Leitão), P. patagonica (Mello-Leitão), newly transferred from Malalistata, and seven new species: P. colloncura, P. mahuell, P. roigi, P. kolla, P. ticucho, P. toba and P. puna. The genus Malalistata Mello-Leitão is newly synonymized with Pikelinia. Filistata fasciata Banks, is transferred to Pikelinia. A cladistic analysis of filistatid genera is made, based on a data matrix of 13 terminals scored for 29 characters. Pikelinia, Lihuelistata and Misionella form a monophyletic group united by the partial fusion of cymbium and tegulum and the incrassate male palpal tibia. The resulting cladogram conflicts with a previous hypothesis of relationships only on the placement of Filistatinella. The morphology of posterior respiratory system of filistatids is examined, and its connections with abdominal muscles elucidated. On that base, it is demonstrated that the remnants of posterior respiratory system of prithines are homologous of entapophyses (muscular apodemes) instead of book-lungs.

Interrelationships of factors of social development are more complex than Life History Theory predicts

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Behavioral Features

Abstract Life History Theory (LHT) predicts a monotonous relationship between affluence and the rate of innovations and strong correlations within a cluster of behavioral features. Although both predictions can be true in specific cases, they are incorrect in general. Therefore, the author's explanations may be right, but they do not prove LHT and cannot be generalized to other apparently similar processes.

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