Influence of the large--Z effect during contact between butterfly sister species

Comparisons of genomes from recently diverged butterfly populations along a suture zone in central Texas have revealed high levels of divergence on the Z chromosome relative to autosomes, as measured by fixation index, $F_{st}$. The pattern of divergence appears to result from accumulation of incompatible alleles, obstructing introgression on the Z chromosome in hybrids. However, it is unknown whether this mechanism is sufficient to explain the data. Here, we simulate the effects of hybrid incompatibility on interbreeding butterfly populations using a model in which populations accumulate cross–incompatible alleles in allopatry prior to contact. We compute statistics for introgression and population divergence during contact between model butterfly populations and compare them to statistics obtained for 15 pairs of butterfly species interbreeding along the Texas suture zone. For populations that have evolved sufficiently in allopatry, the model exhibits high levels of divergence on the Z chromosome relative to autosomes in populations interbreeding on time scales comparable to periods of interglacial contact between butterfly populations in central Texas.Levels of divergence on the Z chromosome increase when interacting groups of genes are closely linked, consistent with interacting clusters of functionally related genes in butterfly genomes. Results for various periods in allopatry are in qualitative agreement with the pattern of data for butterflies, supporting a picture of speciation in which populations are subjected to cycles of divergence in glacial isolation, and partial fusion during interglacial contact.

A reappraisal of peridotite solidus phase equilibria from 6 to 14 GPa in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2

Experimentally determined isobaric invariant melting phase relations from 6 to 14 GPa in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS), involving the crystalline phases, forsterite + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + garnet, and liquid, are reported. Experiments were conducted using a multianvil device with stepped lanthanum chromite heaters in the pressure cells. At a fixed pressure, the five-phase assemblage identified above can exist only at a single temperature. As such, these isobaric invariant points correspond to the solidus of model garnet peridotite in this part of the composition space in the studied system, as is the case at lower pressures in some previous studies. The solidus of model peridotite is univariant in pressure-temperature space, has a positive Clapeyron slope, and the isobaric invariant solidus temperatures, at, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 GPa, are, 1965oC, 2090oC, 2200oC, 2280oC, and 2320oC, respectively. Over the investigated pressure range, orthopyroxene is in reaction relation with the liquid, with the fusion reaction taking the form, forsterite + clinopyroxene + garnet = orthopyroxene + liquid. The compositions of liquids in the experiments reported here do not seem to depend on orthopyroxene being present in the experiments. Compositionally, liquids here are quite magnesian and siliceous, and have lower alumina and lime concentrations than at lower pressures with the identical crystalline phase assemblage in the system CMAS. In contrast to some previous studies, in this work, there is evidence neither of maximum and minimum normative forsterite concentration of the isobaric invariant liquid at around 8 GPa and 12 GPa, respectively, nor of a substantial curvature in the track of liquid compositions, when such liquids coexist with the mentioned four-phase crystalline phase assemblage. Instead, here, with increasing pressure from 6 to 14 GPa, liquids at the isobaric invariant points (defining the univariant solidus) become progressively (quasi-linearly) enstatite-normative. This experimental observation on liquid compositions from the present study might be important for future work directed at attempting to investigate chemistry of liquids derived from partial fusion of anhydrous peridotite at pressures, and corresponding depths in Earth, greater than investigated here.

Revision of the Hylicellidae of the Late Triassic of Queensland (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Hylicelloidea)

This extinct cicadomorphan family Hylicellidae was a significant element of the Late Triassic (Norian) hemipteran fauna of south-eastern Queensland, represented by the tegmina of five monotypic genera from the fossil insect localities at Mount Crosby, Denmark Hill and Dinmore. Of the five, Mesothymbris Evans, 1956, from Mount Crosby, has previously been re-examined. The present work revises the remaining four genera: Hylicella Evans, 1956, with Hylicella colorata Evans, 1956, Mount Crosby; Crosbella Evans, 1956 (= Mesocicadella Evans, 1956, syn. nov.), with Crosbella elongata Evans, 1956 (= Crosbella alata Evans, 1956, syn. nov. = Mesocicadella venosa Evans, 1956, syn. nov. = Mesocicadella punctata Evans, 1961, syn. nov.), Mount Crosby; Triassoscelis Evans, 1956, with Triassoscelis anomala Evans, 1956, Mount Crosby; and Mesocixiodes Tillyard, 1922, with Mesocixiodes termioneura Tillyard, 1922 (= Mesocixiodes brachyclada Tillyard, 1922, syn. nov.), Denmark Hill, Dinmore. The Hylicellidae remains poorly defined as is its generic composition, however, the four Queensland Triassic genera are quite distinct. Hylicella is distinguished by the partial fusion of CuA1 with M3+4, and the very large intra-medial cell, and Crosbella and Triassoscelis by the peculiar parallelogram-like CuA1 cell and the widened peripheral membrane at CuA. Triassoscelis differs from Crosbella in its broader, more squat wing shape, CuA fork in line rather than proximal to the M fork, and much less proliferated apical venation. Mesocixiodes is distinguished by the alignment of the crossvein field at the claval apex to form a fairly even series of long, sub-equal apical cells. On the basis of the proliferated and variable apical venation, the presence of weakly developed costal veinlets, and the fusion of M and CuA at a single point to close the basal cell, Crosbella and Triassoscelis, are ascribed to the subfamily Vietocyclinae. The relationships of the three other Queensland genera, Hylicella, Mesocixiodes, and Mesothymbris remain obscure, and they are retained in the undefined catch-all subfamily Hylicellinae. With the exception of the hindwing, Mesojassula marginata Evans, 1956, the revision of the cicadomorphan fauna of the Mount Crosby Formation is now complete, resulting in an inventory of five species of Dysmorphoptilidae, four of Hylicellidae and two of Archijassidae, with the dysmorphoptilid Dysmorphoptiloides elongata Evans, 1956, as the dominant species.

Partial fusion in long-term bilingualism: The case of vernacular Kildin Saami

Objectives: Distinguishing between language mixing and language fusion is a non-trivial task, particularly in situations of long-standing bilingualism. The main goal of this paper is thus to propose and test a methodology for discerning language fusion from conventionalized mixing. In addition, we examine the hypothesis that the fusion of unbound elements evolves from alternational mixing. Design: The paper addresses the goals through a distributional analysis of a vernacular variety of Kildin Saami, a seriously endangered East Saamic (Uralic) language spoken on the Kola Peninsula in Northwest Russia, as a partially fused lect due to contact with Russian. Data and Analysis: A one-hour recording of an informal group conversation with three native speakers, comprising some 10,000 word tokens, was transcribed and annotated for Russian-origin items. For comparison, other available speech samples, documenting the earlier stages of the language development, as well as the few existing grammatical descriptions and dictionaries were referred to. Findings: The paper develops and showcases three diagnostic criteria indicative of language fusion: (a) regularization of the donor language items’ usage patterns in the mixed variety; (b) functional reduction, or functional extension, of the donor language element, and/or of its inherited native equivalent; (c) the introduction of new constructions involving the donor language grammatical elements by way of loan translation. Finally, we report multiple parallels existing between the distribution of Russian-origin items in vernacular Kildin Saami and alternational mixing. Originality: This paper is the first to propose and systematically test diagnostic criteria indicative of language fusion in a situation of long-term bilingualism. Significance: The proposed criteria may reliably be employed as indicators of fusion in future studies of contact varieties with little, or undocumented, linguistic histories. Furthermore, in contrast to the mainstream assumption, this study also provides evidence for the claim that alternational mixing can be a starting point for the emergence of a fused lect.

Functional Dart-Throwing Motion: A Clinical Comparison of Four-Corner Fusion to Radioscapholunate Fusion Using Inertial Motion Capture

Background Dart-throwing motion (DTM) is an important functional arc of the wrist from radial extension to ulna flexion. An aim of partial fusion surgery of the wrist is to maintain maximal functional motion while addressing the pathology. The radioscapholunate (RSL) fusion, accompanied with partial resection of the distal scaphoid, is thought to allow better DTM than other partial wrist fusions such as the four-corner fusion (4CF). Question Does an RSL fusion allow better functional DTM than 4CF, and how does this range compare with healthy wrists and the patient's contralateral wrist? Patients and Methods Patients who have undergone an RSL fusion or 4CF at our tertiary center were identified and invited to present to have their DTM arc measured. To accurately measure DTM, a previously validated inertial measurement device was used. Patient's functional DTM arc was measured in both unrestrained (elbow and shoulder free to move) and restrained (elbow and shoulder immobilized) fashions. This was compared with their contralateral wrist and a group of healthy control volunteers. Results Overall five RSL fusions, 10 4CF and 24 control patients were enrolled in the study. There was no significant difference between functional DTM when 4CF and RSL fusion were compared. Both had significantly reduced functional DTM arc than control patients. There was no significant difference between the operated wrist compared with the patient's contralateral unoperated wrist. Conclusion RSL fusion is not significantly better at maintaining functional DTM when compared with 4CF. Both surgeries result in decreased functional DTM arc when compared with control patients. This is a cohort study and reflects a level of evidence IV. Level of Evidence This is a Leve IV, cohort study.

EP07 Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis syndrome: diagnosis via chest radiograph

Background Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO) is a rare inflammatory disorder that usually manifests with dermatological and osteoarticular features. However a significant proportion, 40% of patients, present solely with osteoarticular features. We present a case of an Eritrean female, presenting with no cutaneous features, who was diagnosed with SAPHO following classical radiological features initially identified on a chest radiograph. Methods A literature review was conducted using rheumatological and radiological articles, searching for the term SAPHO syndrome and related key words. Anecdotal evidence was used from one patient diagnosed with SAPHO at this trust. Results A middle-aged Eritrean female presented to A&E with a skin rash following naproxen use for chronic right shoulder pain. Subsequent skin biopsy demonstrated a leucocytoclastic vasculitis and dermatology diagnosed this as an adverse reaction to naproxen. Due to shoulder pain and a raised ESR and rheumatoid factor, she was referred to rheumatology. She also underwent a chest X-ray for atypical chest pain in the community which demonstrated an ill-defined area in the right apex. A dedicated apical lordotic view showed unilateral hyperostosis of the right medial clavicle and first rib, raising the suspicion of SAPHO. A CT chest and MRI clavicle were organised to further characterise the findings and exclude other diagnoses, such as infection. CT demonstrated expansion, sclerosis, cortical thickening, periostitis and partial fusion of the right sternoclavicular joint. MRI showed bony expansion of the medial clavicle, manubrium and proximal sternum with bone marrow oedema and partial fusion at the sternoclavicular joint. Whilst the radiological findings were classical for SAPHO, the lack of skin features, and few clinical symptoms did not support the diagnosis. Although there were no symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) and the initial elispot result was indeterminate, given the rarity of SAPHO and the patient’s country of origin it was felt necessary to exclude TB. The case was subsequently discussed amongst rheumatology, respiratory and radiology teams with consultation from a SAPHO expert. On re-examination, the radiological findings were not felt to suggest TB, and in the absence of a relevant clinical history and multiple negative IGRA tests, TB was excluded. Conclusion SAPHO syndrome is a rare condition affecting the skin, joints and bones. 60% of patients diagnosed with SAPHO present with cutaneous and osteoarticular features. However, the osteoarticular features of SAPHO remain the key clinical findings and patients can present with these features alone. Classical features of SAPHO on plain radiographs include a bull’s head appearance of the sternoclavicular region, sclerotic lesions, periosteal changes, hyperostosis and osteitis. 40% of patients present solely with osteoarticular features and this presents a diagnostic challenge with a wide differential list. Such cases require the input of a multi-disciplinary team before considering treatment. Disclosures L. Anandan None. M. Mukhtar None. M. Walker None. A. Kinderlerer None. K. Halai None.

Partial Suture Fusion in Nonsyndromic Single-Suture Craniosynostosis

Introduction: Partial synostosis of cranial sutures has been shown to have clinical and diagnostic significance. However, there is limited published information about how suture fusion progresses over time. In this study, we evaluate patients with nonsyndromic single-suture synostosis. We aim to define the incidence of partial versus complete suture fusion and whether a correlation exists between the degree of suture fusion and age. Methods: Two hundred fifty-four patients with nonsyndromic single-suture synostosis were evaluated. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were rendered in 3-dimensions, all sutures were visualized and assessed for patency or fusion, and length of fusion was measured. Findings were grouped according to suture type (sagittal, coronal, metopic, or lambdoid), the degree of fusion (full, >50%, or <50%), and patient age at time of CT scan (0-90, 91-180, 181-360, or >360 days). Data were analyzed to correlate patient age versus the degree of suture fusion. Results: For all patients, 72% had complete and 28% had partial synostosis. Ratios of full to partial fusion for each suture type were as follows: sagittal 97:36, coronal 35:22, metopic 46:4, and lambdoid 4:10. The sagittal, coronal, and metopic groups demonstrated greater probabilities of complete suture fusion as patient age increases ( P = .021, P < .001, P = .001, respectively). This trend was also noted when all sutures were considered together by age-group ( P < .001). Conclusion: We note a partial suture fusion rate of 28.3%. Our analysis shows a correlation between the extent of suture synostosis and patient age. Finally, we demonstrate that different sutures display different patterns of partial and complete fusion.

Hacı Bektaş and his Contested Legacy: The Abdals of Rum, the Bektashi Order and the (Proto-) Kizilbash Communities

Chapter 3 takes up the issue of the relationship between the Kizilbash/Alevi communities and the Bektashi order, tracing its roots to their common association with the cult of Hacı Bektaş and their shared links to the Abdals of Rum. This chapter challenges Köprülü’s conjecture of an insular Turkish folk Islam transferred under the cover of the Yesevi Sufi order from Central Asia to Anatolia, and inherited in its new home by successive heterodox circles within a linear evolutionary scheme; it was purported to have passed from the Yeseviyye to the Abdals of Rum, an itinerant dervish group active in late medieval Anatolia, and from them onto the better institutionalized Bektashi order. Within this framework, Köprülü treated the Kizilbash/Alevis as lay followers of the Bektashi order. Evidence emerging from Alevi sources complicates this picture. They disclose no evidence of a Yesevi connection. Nor do they validate Köprülü’s view of the Alevis as lay followers of the Bektashi order. While they do confirm the closely intertwined trajectories of the two affiliations, their interactions and eventual partial fusion appear to have involved a much more contested process than presumed by Köprülü, tensions crystallizing especially around the spiritual legacy of Hacı Bektaş.

477Partial fusion of two aortic valve leaflets is related to alterations in ascending aorta flow: 4D flow CMR study

Introduction Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital valve defect. It consists in the fusion of two aortic valve leaflets, and it is associated with a high prevalence of proximal aorta dilation. Dilation is highly prevalent (around 30%) in BAV patient relatives with a tricuspid valve (TAV) identified by echocardiography. However, the presence of partial aortic valve leaflet fusion (also called mini-raphe or forme fruste BAV, see figure 1A) is easily missed by echocardiography. A recent study reported that 44% of patients from a small cohort of BAV patient relatives with aortic dilation followed by CT showed mini-raphe. Purpose We aimed to use 4D flow CMR to assess if the presence of mini-raphe is associated with aortic flow alterations, which may be concurs in the etiology of aortic dilation in BAV patient relatives. Methods Twenty BAV patients first-degree relatives with partial fusion (<50%) of aortic valve leaflets and proximal aorta dilation were identified by CT or cine CMR and prospectively included. One-hundred twenty-five BAV and 95 patients with TAV from our prospective dataset of 4D flow CMR were included for comparison. Propensity score matching was used throughout the study to correct the comparisons between mini-raphe and BAV and mini-raphe and TAV patients for differences in age, maximum aortic diameter, sex, height, weight, proximal aortic pulse wave velocity and, only for BAV, fusion pattern. The hemodynamic parameters previously related to aortic dilation were computed. They were jet angle, normalized flow displacement and systolic flow reversal ratio (SFRR, identifying through-plane vortexes) were computed and compared in the ascending aorta and in the aortic arch. Results The presence of mini-raphe was statistically-significantly associated with increase in jet angle (Figure 1B), flow displacement (Figure 1C) and vortexes (Figure 1D) in most of the ascending aorta and aortic arch when mini-raphe patients were compared with TAV patients. The severity of flow asymmetry found in mini-raphe patients was lower than the one characteristic of BAV patients, but vortexes were even higher in a small region at the distal ascending aorta. Figure 1 Conclusion Partial fusion of the aortic valve leaflets is related to increase in proximal aorta flow eccentricity and vorticity. These flow abnormalities are not as marked as those associated with BAV. Data regarding prevalence of mini-raphe as evaluated with CT or cine CMR are needed, especially in familiar of BAV patients. Acknowledgement/Funding European FP7/People 267128; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness RTC-2016-5152-1 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI14/0106