Application of full factorial design to screen the factors influencing the wax deposition of Malaysian crude oil

AbstractWax deposition in production pipelines and transportation tubing from offshore to onshore is critical in the petroleum industry due to low-temperature conditions. The most significant popular approach to solve this issue is by inserting a wax inhibitor into the channel. This research aims to reduce the amount of wax formation of Malaysian crude oil by estimating the effective parameters using Design-Expert by full factorial design (FFD) method. Five parameters have been investigated, which are rotation speed (A), cold finger temperature (B), duration of experimental (C), the concentration of poly (stearyl acrylate-co-behenyl acrylate) (SABA) (D), and concentration of nano-silica SiO2 (E). The optimum conditions for reducing the amount of wax deposit have been identified using FFD at 300 rpm, 10 ℃, 1 h, 1200 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. The amount of wax deposit estimated is 0.12 g. The regression model’s variance results revealed that the R2 value of 0.9876, showing 98.76% of the data variation, can be described by the model. The lack of fit is not important in comparison to the pure error, which is good. The lack of fit F value of 12.85 means that there is only a 7.41% probability that this huge can occur because of noise. The influence of cold finger temperature was reported as the main contributing factor in the formation of wax deposits compared to other factors. In addition, the interaction between factor B and factor C revealed the highest interaction effect on the wax deposition. In conclusion, the best interaction variables for wax inhibition can be determined using FFD. It is a valued tool to measure and detect the unique relations of two or more variables. As a result, the findings of this study can be used to develop a reliable model for predicting optimum conditions for reducing wax deposits and the associated costs and processing time.

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Application of 32 Full Factorial Design and Desirability Function for Optimizing The Manufacturing Process for Directly Compressible Multi-Functional Co-Processed Excipient

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201817666200508094743 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 523-539

Author(s):

Jalpa Patel ◽

Dhaval Mori

Keyword(s):

Factorial Design ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Desirability Function ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

P Value ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Full Factorial ◽

32 Full Factorial Design ◽

Response Variables

Background: Developing a new excipient and obtaining its market approval is an expensive, time-consuming and complex process. Compared to that, the co-processing of already approved excipients has emerged as a more attractive option for bringing better characteristic excipients to the market. The application of the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach for developing co-processed excipient can make the entire process cost-effective and rapid. Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate the applicability of the DoE approach, especially 32 full factorial design, to develop a multi-functional co-processed excipient for the direct compression of model drug - cefixime trihydrate using spray drying technique. Methods: The preliminary studies proved the significant effect of atomization pressure (X1) and polymer ratio (microcrystalline cellulose: mannitol - X2) on critical product characteristics, so they were selected as independent variables. The angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, tensile strength and Kuno’s constant were selected as response variables. Result: The statistical analysis proved a significant effect of both independent variables on all response variables with a significant p-value < 0.05. The desirability function available in Design Expert 11® software was used to prepare and select the optimized batch. The prepared co-processed excipient had better compressibility than individual excipients and their physical mixture and was able to accommodate more than 40 percent drug without compromising the flow property and compressibility. Conclusion: The present investigation successfully proved the applicability of 32 full factorial design as an effective tool for optimizing the spray drying process to prepare a multi-functional co-processed excipient.

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Formulation of Extended-Release Beads of Lamotrigine Based on Alginate and Cassia fistula Seed Gum by QbD Approach

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201817666200317124022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 422-437

Author(s):

Dixita Jain ◽

Akshay Sodani ◽

Swapnanil Ray ◽

Pranab Ghosh ◽

Gouranga Nandi

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Extended Release ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Green Manufacturing ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Cassia Fistula ◽

Negative Environmental Impact ◽

Seed Gum ◽

Full Factorial

Aim: This study was focused on the formulation of the multi-unit extended-release peroral delivery device of lamotrigine for better management of epilepsy. Background: The single-unit extended-release peroral preparations often suffer from all-or-none effect. A significant number of multi-unit delivery systems have been reported as a solution to this problem. But most of them are found to be composed of synthetic, semi-synthetic or their combination having physiological toxicity as well as negative environmental impact. Therefore, fabrication and formulation of multi-unit extended-release peroral preparations with natural, non-toxic, biodegradable polymers employing green manufacturing processes are being appreciated worldwide. Objective: Lamotrigine-loaded extended-release multi-unit beads have been fabricated with the incorporation of a natural polysaccharide Cassia fistula seed gum in calcium-cross-linked alginate matrix employing a simple green process and 23 full factorial design. Methods: The total polymer concentration, polymer ratio and [CaCl2] were considered as independent formulation variables with two different levels of each for the experiment-design. The extended-release beads were then prepared by the ionotropic gelation method using calcium chloride as the crosslinkerions provider. The beads were then evaluated for drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release. ANOVA of all the dependent variables such as DEE, cumulative % drug release at 2h, 5h, 12h, rate constant and dissolution similarity factor (f2) was done by 23 full factorial design using Design-Expert software along with numerical optimization of the independent variables in order to meet USP-reference release profile. Results: The optimized batch showed excellent outcomes with DEE of 84.7 ± 2.7 (%), CPR2h of 8.41± 2.96 (%), CPR5h of 36.8± 4.7 (%), CPR12h of 87.3 ± 3.64 (%) and f2 of 65.9. Conclusion: This approach of the development of multi-unit oral devices utilizing natural polysaccharides might be inspiring towards the world-wide effort for green manufacturing of sustained-release drug products by the QbD route.

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