Phytochemical evaluation and antioxidant activities in flower and leaves of Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna

The plants Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna are medicinally important and produce leaves and colourful blossoms that belong to the Caesalpinioideae of the legume family and the family of Combretaceae. The antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide, and phytochemical assessment (qualitative and quantitative) of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna flowers and leaves were investigated in this work. In qualitative phytochemical evaluation, the presence of ten different chemicals of varying degrees and classes was observed, and alkaloids, steroids, tannis, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and terpinoids were confirmed during qualitative screening. During quantitative analysis, the Cassia fistula L. leaves showed the highest TFC (32.783A ± 0.073) and the TPC was observed highest in Terminalia arjuna flowers (42.800A ± 0.028). The highest DPPH percentage was recorded in C. fistula flowers (21.825A ± 0.069) compared to its lowest value observed in C. fistula leaves (10.660B ± 0.053). The highest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity among both plants was found in C. fistula (12.526A ± 0.146) and the lowest in its leaves (7.1470B ± 0.045). The methanolic extracts showed promising antioxidant activity. The presence of bioactive components in the leaves and flowers of Terminalia arjuna and Cassia fistula suggests that these flowers and leaves might be used as a phytochemical source and are also effective and safe as natural remedies. The biochemical analysis proved that the extracts of Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna plants have glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids that play a role in antioxidant activity.

Anti-microbial, antioxidant potential of Cassia fistula and study their phytochemical assessments

Cassia fistula (C. fistula) is a flowering plant and a member of Fabaceae family. This study was designed to examine the antibacterial, antioxidant and phytochemical activity of ethanolic extract of C. fistula plant. The microbial inhibitory effect of ethanolic extracts of C. fistula was tested against Gram positive isolates such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative isolates such as Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa using disc diffusion method and well diffusion method. The 25 mg extract of C. fistula leaves (CF-05) showed more zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi, i.e., (21mm) and in 50 mg extract of CF-13 fruit showed best zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi, i.e., 17 mm. Qualitative analysis and antioxidant activity at various concentrations was also measured. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, fats, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and sterols. The antioxidant activity in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity revealed the distinguished antioxidant activity of C. fistula.

Novel Triterpenoids from Cassia fistula Stem Bark Depreciates STZ-Induced Detrimental Changes in IRS-1/Akt-Mediated Insulin Signaling Mechanisms in Type-1 Diabetic Rats

Here, we identified the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic activity of novel compounds isolated from Cassia fistula stem bark in STZ-diabetic animals. Novel triterpenoid compounds (C1, C2 and C3) were treated to STZ-administered diabetic animals at a concentration of 20mg/kg body weight orally for 60 days to assess their effects on plasma glucose, plasma insulin/C-peptide, serum lipid markers and the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, glucose oxidation and insulin signaling molecules. Oral administration of novel triterpenoid compounds to STZ-diabetic animals significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the plasma glucose concentration on the 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th daysin a duration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Plasma insulin (p < 0.0001)/C-peptide (p < 0.0006), tissue glycogen (p < 0.0034), glycogen phosphorylase (p < 0.005), glucose 6-phosphatase (p < 0.0001) and lipid markers were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in diabetic rats, whereas glucokinase (p < 0.0047), glycogen synthase (p < 0.003), glucose oxidation (p < 0.001), GLUT4 mRNA (p < 0.0463), GLUT4 protein (p < 0.0475) and the insulin-signaling molecules IR mRNA (p < 0.0195), IR protein (p < 0.0001), IRS-1 mRNA (p < 0.0478), p-IRS-1Tyr612 (p < 0.0185), Akt mRNA (p < 0.0394), p–AktSer473 (p < 0.0162), GLUT4 mRNA (p < 0.0463) and GLUT4 (p < 0.0475) were decreased in the gastrocnemius muscle. In silico analysis of C1–C3 with IRK and PPAR-γ protein coincided with in vivo findings. C1–C3 possessed promising antidiabetic activity by regulating insulin signaling mechanisms and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes.

Effect of Cassia fistula Hydroalcoholic Extract on Testosterone Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Wistar Rats

Background and Purpose: Men of age 40 years and above are at risk of non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Adverse drug reactions and treatment relapse limit the effectiveness of orthodox pharmacotherapies. This study evaluated the effect of Cassia fistula hydroalcoholic extract on BPH. Methods: BPH was induced in Wistar rats by subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg/day of testosterone propionate (TP) for 7 days. The rats were randomly allotted to five groups: corn oil only; finasteride (FS) 5 mg/kg/day; and C. fistula extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day. A sixth group in which BPH was not induced received only the vehicle. At the end of 28 consecutive days of treatment, prostate and testicular weights and indices were evaluated. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the extract was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. Results: The extract showed a very strong free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 1.58 µg/mL (IC50 of gallic acid = 0.63 µg/mL) due to the presence of secondary metabolites. The results also showed significant (P?0.0001) reduction in the prostate weight, prostatic index, testes weight, and testes index of C. fistula extract-treated rats when compared with the untreated BPH group. Conclusion: These results suggest that C. fistula extract possesses potentials as a remedy for the treatment of BPH.

Design of Solid Dosage Form using Isolated Mucilage from Cassia fistula

The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize mucilage obtained from the leaves of Amaltas (Cassia fistula) and to check the binding efficiency by comparing with gum acacia. Isolation of mucilage was done by hot maceration process and investigated for various physicochemical characterization and in vitro dissolution profile to check mucilage as a binding agent. Different batches (KF1 – KF4) of paracetamol tablets of different concentration of mucilage (3%, 5%, 10% and 15% w/v) were prepared by wet granulation method. All the parameters of uncoated tablets were performed and compared with tablets prepared with gum acacia in the same concentration. SEM indicated irregular shape and size of mucilage particles. Good thermal stability of mucilage was indicated by TGA and amorphous nature by P-XRD and DSC. FTIR and NMR confirmed the presence of polysaccharide. From the results, formulations KF2 and KF3 were found to be optimized as they showed 99% drug release within 20-25 min and better results were obtained when compared with existing binder gum acacia. According to the studies, mucilage isolated from the leaves of Cassia fistula showed interesting results suggesting that amaltas mucilage can be used as a promising natural excipient (binder) in preparation of conventional uncoated tablet dosage form.

Antileishmanial Activity of Cassia fistula L., Morus nigra L. and Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Plant Extracts

Aim: To investigate the different antileishmanial activities of extracts of Cassia Fistula L., Morus Nigra L. and Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. Methodology: In this method, three (03) plants having concentrations between 500 – 2000 µg/mL were subjected to KWH23 strains of L. tropica in which Standard drug was Amphotericin B and have negative control for 24 – 48 hours. To check the in-vivo studies, plant extract was tested on BALB/c mice (Iqbal et al., 2016). Results: It showed that inhibition (mean) of KWH23 strains at 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 µg/mL after 48 hours were 92.1 ± 0.02, 95.00 ± 0.05, 97.09 ± 0.07 and 98.05 ± 0.05 % respectively. It decreased the lesion size (mean) from 0.8 ± 0.1 mm to 0.40 ± 0.2 mm having significance value p < 0.01 after 8th week, and cure at 200 mg/Kg against intracellular amastigotes in BALB/c mice was 90.00% (95% Cl = 80.05 – 97.00). Conclusion: The result shows that Ziziphus jujuba Mill. leaves possess significant antileishmanial activity.