A review of the current evidence on the sensitivity and specificity of the Ipswich touch test for the screening of loss of protective sensation in patients with diabetes mellitus

Metabolic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus, have become global health issues. The etiology of diabetes mellitus can be attributed to genetic and/or environmental factors. Current evidence suggests the association of gut microbiota with metabolic diseases. However, the effects of glucose-lowering agents on gut microbiota are poorly understood. Several studies revealed that these agents affect the composition and diversity of gut microbiota and consequently improve glucose metabolism and energy balance. Possible underlying mechanisms include affecting gene expression, lowering levels of inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the production of short-chain fatty acids. In addition, gut microbiota may alleviate adverse effects caused by glucose-lowering agents, and this can be especially beneficial in diabetic patients who experience severe gastrointestinal side effects and have to discontinue these agents. In conclusion, gut microbiota may provide a novel viewpoint for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.

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Improved Sensitivity in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/0950143 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 143-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Salvatore L. DeLellis ◽

Dale H. Carnegie ◽

Thomas J. Burke

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Medical Records ◽

Significant Clinical Improvement ◽

The Mean ◽

Protective Sensation ◽

Loss Of Protective Sensation ◽

Foot Sensation

The medical records of 1,047 patients (mean age, 73 years) with established peripheral neuropathy were examined to determine whether treatment with monochromatic infrared photo energy was associated with increased foot sensitivity to the 5.07 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. The peripheral neuropathy in 790 of these patients (75%) was due to diabetes mellitus. Before treatment with monochromatic infrared photo energy, of the ten tested sites (five on each foot), a mean ± SD of 7.9 ± 2.4 sites were insensitive to the 5.07 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament, and 1,033 patients exhibited loss of protective sensation. After treatment, the mean ± SD number of insensate sites on both feet was 2.3 ± 2.4, an improvement of 71%. Only 453 of 1,033 patients (43.9%) continued to have loss of protective sensation after treatment. Therefore, monochromatic infrared photo energy treatment seems to be associated with significant clinical improvement in foot sensation in patients, primarily Medicare aged, with peripheral neuropathy. Because insensitivity to the 5.07 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament has been reported to be a major risk factor for diabetic foot wounds, the use of monochromatic infrared photo energy may be associated with a reduced incidence of diabetic foot wounds and amputations. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(2): 143–147, 2005)

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Agreement, Sensitivity, and Specificity of Tuberculin Skin Test and T-Spot TB Examination, in Detecting Latent TB Infection among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Strengthening Hospital Competitiveness to Improve Patient Satisfaction and Better Health Outcomes ◽

10.26911/the6thicph.01.59 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nur Amalia Santang ◽

◽

Pribadi M Sebayang ◽

Reviono Reviono ◽

Supriyanto Kartodarsono ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Tuberculin Skin Test ◽

Skin Test ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Latent Tb ◽

Latent Tb Infection

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Symptomatic Reversal of Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/87507315-92-3-125 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 125-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Alan B. Kochman ◽

Dale H. Carnegie ◽

Thomas J. Burke

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Cold Sensation ◽

Noninvasive Treatment ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Protective Sensation ◽

Loss Of Protective Sensation ◽

Drug Free ◽

Sensation Loss

Forty-nine consecutive subjects with established diabetic peripheral neuropathy were treated with monochromatic near-infrared photo energy (MIRE) to determine if there was an improvement of sensation. Loss of protective sensation characterized by Semmes-Weinstein monofilament values of 4.56 and above was present in 100% of subjects (range, 4.56 to 6.45), and 42 subjects (86%) had Semmes-Weinstein values of 5.07 or higher. The ability to discriminate between hot and cold sensation was absent (54%) or impaired (46%) in both groups prior to the initiation of MIRE treatment. On the basis of Semmes-Weinstein monofilament values, 48 subjects (98%) exhibited improved sensation after 6 treatments, and all subjects had improved sensation after 12 treatments. Therefore, MIRE may be a safe, drug-free, noninvasive treatment for the consistent and predictable improvement of sensation in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy of the feet. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(3): 125-130, 2002)

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Prevalence, Clinical Presentation, and Factors Associated With Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Two Regional Hospitals in Cameroon

The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds ◽

10.1177/1534734618764252 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 42-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maxime Tindong ◽

John N. Palle ◽

Daniel Nebongo ◽

Leopold Ndemnge Aminde ◽

Yannick Mboue-Djieka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Foot ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Foot Ulcer ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcer ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Protective Sensation ◽

Peripheral Arterial ◽

Loss Of Protective Sensation ◽

Regional Hospitals

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and high risk for ulceration, describe the clinical presentation, and identify factors associated with diabetic foot ulcer in the Southwest regional hospitals of Cameroon. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to consecutive patients with diabetes. Findings from detailed foot examination were recorded. Diabetic foot ulcer was diagnosed according to the International Working Group on Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) definition. Data were analyzed with Stata IC version 12. Of the 203 participants included, 63.1% were females. Age ranged from 26 to 96 years. The median duration of diabetes was 4.0 years (interquartile range 1.0-8.0 years). The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer was 11.8% (24), of whom 29.2% (7) had high grade (grades 2 to 4), and most of the ulcers 58.3% (14) were located at the plantar region. The prevalence of high risk for ulceration was 21.8% (39). Loss of protective sensation (OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.43-9.71; P = .007), and peripheral arterial disease (OR = 3.48, 95% CI = 1.14-10.56; P = .028) were independently associated with diabetic foot. Diabetic foot ulcer is a common complication among patients with diabetes attending these regional hospitals. Loss of protective sensation, and peripheral arterial disease increase the odds of having diabetic foot ulcer, and we suggest them as the main target of interest for prevention.

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Cystatin C and Its Role in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Advances in Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2015/254042 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alaaeldin M. Bashier ◽

Ayman Aly Seddik Fadlallah ◽

Nada Alhashemi ◽

Puja Murli Thadani ◽

Elamin Abdelgadir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cystatin C ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Incident Type ◽

Incident Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Weight Protein

Diabetes mellitus is the commonest cause of CKD. It is the leading cause of new patients requiring renal replacement therapy, accounting for 40%, 34%, and 30% of cases in United States, Germany, and Australia, respectively. Recent studies have shown that a low-molecular weight protein, cystatin C, freely filtered by the kidneys is a novel biomarker that may be used for detection of early renal dysfunction in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Cystatin C has also been shown to detect cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes and it may also be linked with incident type 2 diabetes in obese patients. We aim to review current evidence based literature on use of cystatin C for early detection of diabetic nephropathy due to type 1 and type 2 diabetes in comparison to conventional methods and explore its association with other comorbidities.

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Statins in Diabetes Mellitus

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612823666170816113915 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (46) ◽

pp. 7048-7054 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Charalambos Vlachopoulos ◽

Nikolaos Ioakeimidis ◽

Konstantinos Aznaouridis ◽

George Lazaros ◽

Dimtris Tousoulis

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Safety Profile ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Primary And Secondary Prevention ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

New Onset Diabetes Mellitus ◽

New Onset

Statins are a group of lipid-lowering medications that have been proven to be efficient in the protection of patients with dyslipidaemia from cardiovascular disease. The beneficial role of statins in both primary and secondary prevention has been well documented in many large randomized clinical trials. This beneficial effect extends to patients with diabetes mellitus. Their safety profile is overall good with mainly mild side effects. However, data indicate that statins may promote new onset diabetes mellitus. We review the current evidence regarding the overall efficacy and safety profile of statins in patients with diabetes mellitus; further we put into a broader perspective the debated diabetogenic effect of these drugs.

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