scholarly journals The Relationship between Frequently Used Glucose-Lowering Agents and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Lv ◽  
Xue Zhao ◽  
Weiying Guo ◽  
Ying Gao ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Metabolic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus, have become global health issues. The etiology of diabetes mellitus can be attributed to genetic and/or environmental factors. Current evidence suggests the association of gut microbiota with metabolic diseases. However, the effects of glucose-lowering agents on gut microbiota are poorly understood. Several studies revealed that these agents affect the composition and diversity of gut microbiota and consequently improve glucose metabolism and energy balance. Possible underlying mechanisms include affecting gene expression, lowering levels of inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the production of short-chain fatty acids. In addition, gut microbiota may alleviate adverse effects caused by glucose-lowering agents, and this can be especially beneficial in diabetic patients who experience severe gastrointestinal side effects and have to discontinue these agents. In conclusion, gut microbiota may provide a novel viewpoint for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2015 ◽  
Vol 172 (4) ◽  
pp. R167-R177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine H Allin ◽  
Trine Nielsen ◽  
Oluf Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Perturbations of the composition and function of the gut microbiota have been associated with metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Studies on mice have demonstrated several underlying mechanisms including host signalling through bacterial lipopolysaccharides derived from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, bacterial fermentation of dietary fibres to short-chain fatty acids and bacterial modulation of bile acids. On top of this, an increased permeability of the intestinal epithelium may lead to increased absorption of macromolecules from the intestinal content resulting in systemic immune responses, low-grade inflammation and altered signalling pathways influencing lipid and glucose metabolism. While mechanistic studies on mice collectively support a causal role of the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases, the majority of studies in humans are correlative of nature and thus hinder causal inferences. Importantly, several factors known to influence the risk of type 2 diabetes, e.g. diet and age, have also been linked to alterations in the gut microbiota complicating the interpretation of correlative studies. However, based upon the available evidence, it is hypothesised that the gut microbiota may mediate or modulate the influence of lifestyle factors triggering development of type 2 diabetes. Thus, the aim of this review is to critically discuss the potential role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

The Effect of Natural Soluble Polysaccharides On the Type 2 Diabetes through Modulating Gut Microbiota:A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Yang ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Xinghui Wu ◽  
Wenqi Cai ◽  
Qian Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

: Diabetes strongly influences patient quality of life. The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for approximately 90% of diabetic patients. Natural polysaccharides have been widely used for diabetes management. Changes in gut microbiota can also be used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In this review, the effects of different natural polysaccharides on gut microbiota, as well as the relationship between diabetes and the gut microbiome are summarized. The intestine is the primary location in which natural polysaccharides exert their biological activities, and plays an important role in maintaining healthy bodily functions. Polysaccharides change the composition of the gut microbiota, which inhibits pathogen invasion and promotes beneficial bacterial growth. In addition, the gut microbiota degrade polysaccharides and produce metabolites to further modify the intestinal environment. Interestingly, the metabolites (short chain fatty acids and other bioactive components) have been shown to improve gut health, control glycemia, lower lipids, reduce insulin resistance, and alleviate inflammation. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which soluble polysaccharides improve T2D through regulating the gut microbiota to provide a future reference for the management of T2D and its associated complications.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association, Mechanism, and Translational Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Lili Zhang ◽  
Jinjin Chu ◽  
Wenhao Hao ◽  
Jiaojiao Zhang ◽  
Haibo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Gut microbiota has attracted widespread attention due to its crucial role in disease pathophysiology, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metabolites and bacterial components of gut microbiota affect the initiation and progression of T2DM by regulating inflammation, immunity, and metabolism. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid, imidazole propionate, branched-chain amino acids, and lipopolysaccharide are the main molecules related to T2DM. Many studies have investigated the role of gut microbiota in T2DM, particularly those butyrate-producing bacteria. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic capsules are useful strategies in preventing diabetes. In this review, we aim to elucidate the complex association between gut microbiota and T2DM inflammation, metabolism, and immune disorders, the underlying mechanisms, and translational applications of gut microbiota. This review will provide novel insight into developing individualized therapy for T2DM patients based on gut microbiota immunometabolism.

scholarly journals Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe MC Rosano ◽  
Cristiana Vitale ◽  
Petar Seferovic ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Negative Effect

Diabetes and heart failure are closely related: patients with diabetes have an increased risk of developing heart failure and those with heart failure are at higher risk of developing diabetes. Furthermore, antidiabetic medications increase the risk of mortality and hospitalisation for heart failure in patients with and without pre-existing heart failure. When the two diseases are considered individually, heart failure has a much poorer prognosis than diabetes mellitus; therefore heart failure has to be a priority for treatment in patients presenting with the two conditions, and the diabetic patient with heart failure should be managed by the heart failure team. No specific randomised clinical trials have been conducted to test the effect of cardiovascular drugs in diabetic patients with heart failure, but a wealth of evidence suggests that all interventions effective at improving prognosis in patients with heart failure are equally beneficial in patients with and without diabetes. The negative effect of glucose-lowering agents in patients with heart failure or at increased risk of heart failure has become evident after the withdrawal of rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, from the EU market due to evidence of increased risk of cardiovascular events and hospitalisations for heart failure. An important issue that remains unresolved is the optimal target level of glycated haemoglobin, as recent studies have demonstrated significant reductions in total mortality, morbidity and risk of heart failure despite achieving HbA1c levels similar to those observed in the UKPDS study conducted some decades ago. Meta-analyses showed that intensive glucose lowering is not associated with any significant reduction in cardiovascular risk but conversely results in a significant increase in heart failure risk. Different medications have different risk: benefit ratios in diabetic patients with heart failure; therefore, the heart failure team must judge the required intensity of glycaemic control, the type and dose of glucose lowering agents and any change in glucose-lowering therapy, according to the clinical conditions present.

scholarly journals Hypoglycemia and the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly and senile patients with type 2 diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Olga D. Ostroumova ◽  
Elena V. Surkova ◽  
Irina V. Goloborodova ◽  
Antonina V. Starodubova ◽  
Alexey I. Kochetkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Antidiabetic Drugs ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Research results show that poor glycemic control and recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycaemia are associated with a decrease in cognitive function in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). On the other hand, patients with diabetes mellitus associated with cognitive impairment/dementia are most at risk of developing hypoglycaemic conditions. It is obvious that the relationship between hypoglycaemia and dementia is very complex and has a mutually aggravating nature. Studies also show that individuals of older age groups with diabetes and cognitive impairment have a high risk of developing hypoglycaemic conditions, such as unwanted side effects from glucose-lowering therapy. In this case, of particular interest is the question that is being actively studied at the present time, which is concerning the effect of different groups of glucose-lowering antidiabetic drugs on the cognitive status and the rate of cognitive decline in diabetic patients with cognitive impairment. In this review, we attempted to summarise, systematise, and present data available in the literature concerning the effect of hypoglycaemia on the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly and senile patients with type-2 diabetes, as well as the degree of participation in this process of of various groups of sugar-lowering antidiabetic drugs.

Intramuscular Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction Alteration In Extraocular Muscles of Diabetic Mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Pachter
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Extraocular Muscles ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Oculomotor Palsy ◽  
Third Nerve Palsy ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Intramuscular Nerve ◽  
Oculomotor Nerves

Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest causes of neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is a heterogeneous group of neuropathic disorders to which patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible; more than one kind of neuropathy can frequently occur in the same individual. Abnormalities are also known to occur in nearly every anatomic subdivision of the eye in diabetic patients. Oculomotor palsy appears to be common in diabetes mellitus for their occurrence in isolation to suggest diabetes. Nerves to the external ocular muscles are most commonly affected, particularly the oculomotor or third cranial nerve. The third nerve palsy of diabetes is characteristic, being of sudden onset, accompanied by orbital and retro-orbital pain, often associated with complete involvement of the external ocular muscles innervated by the nerve. While the human and experimental animal literature is replete with studies on the peripheral nerves in diabetes mellitus, there is but a paucity of reported studies dealing with the oculomotor nerves and their associated extraocular muscles (EOMs).

GAMBARAN PENYAKIT PERIODONTAL PADA PENDERITA DIABETES MELITUS DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM PUSAT PROF. DR. R. D KANDOU MANADO

e-GIGI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezra G. R. Tambunan ◽  
Karel Pandelaki ◽  
Christy N. Mintjelungan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Oral Health Problem ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases with characteristic hyperglycemia that occurs due to insulin secretion, insulin action or both. This disease affects many societies and continuously growing in Indonesia. Periodontal disease is an oral health problem which has a relatively high prevalence in the community where periodontal disease in all age groups in Indonesia.The purpose of this study was to determine the periodontal disease in patients with diabetesmellitus in RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. This descriptive study has 68 sample taken with total sampling technique. The sample is examined using evaluation criteria gingival index and CPITN index. The result show that subjects with periodontitis with a score of 4 is the highest as many as 18 people (44%) and subject with a score of 2 is that at least as many as 8 people (19.5%). And subjects with bad gingivitis is the highest as many as 10 people (52.6%) and subject with the good gingivitis is the at least as many as 5 people (26.3%). Based on the result of this study, periodontal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus in RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou most that periodontitis with the number of 41 people (68.3%) compared to gingivitis which is just as many as 19 people (31.7%)Keywords: diabetes mellitus, periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontalAbstrak:Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau kedua-duanya. Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita kalangan masyarakat dan terus berkembang di Indonesia. Penyakit periodontal merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang memiliki prevalensi cukup tinggi di masyarakat dimana penyakit periodontal pada semua kelompok umur di Indonesia.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyakit periodontal pada penderita diabetes mellitus di RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan jumlah sampel 60 orang yang diambil dengan teknik total sampling. Sampel diperiksa dengan menggunakan kriteria penilaian indeks gingiva dan indeks CPITN. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa yang mengalami periodontitis dengan skor 4 adalah yang paling tinggi yaitu sebanyak 18 orang (44%), dan subjek yang mengalami skor 2 adalah yang yang paling sedikit yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (19.5%). Sedangkan yang mengalami gingivitis yang paling tinggi yaitu gingivitis buruk sebanyak 10 orang (52.6%) dan yang paling sedikit adalah yang mengalami gingivitis ringan yaitu sebanyak 5 orang (26.3%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyakit periodontal yang paling banyak ditemui pada penderita diabetes melitus di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado adalah penyakit periodontitis yaitu sebanyak 41 orang (68.3%) dan yang paling sedikit adalah gingivitis yaitu sebanyak 19 orang (31.7%)Kata kunci: diabetes melitus, periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontal

scholarly journals A preliminary study on diabetes self-management education and glycemic control among patients with diabetes mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kisokanth G. ◽  
Indrakumar J. ◽  
Prathapan S. ◽  
Joseph J. ◽  
Ilankoon I.M.P.S.
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Management Education ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Preliminary Study

This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education (DSME) in the improvement of glycemic control among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka. The study was a prospective interventional study and conducted as a preliminary study at medical clinic, Base hospital, Kaluwanchikudy, Batticaloa. Thirty patients with T2DM were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A structured individual diabetes self-management education for 10 hours (one hour per week) was delivered to diabetic patients by the trained Nurse Health Educator. Glycosylate hemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed as a main outcome measure and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Body Mass Index (BMI) of each patient were also measured and recorded before and after the intervention. The respondent rate was 96.7% (n = 29). Majority of them were females (n = 25, 86.2%). A Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that DSME had a statistically significant reduction in HbA1c [8.60 (IQR 2.60) vs. 7.40 (IQR 2.10), p = .000] and FBS level [159.00 (IQR 77.50) vs. 134.00 (IQR 40.50), p = .002] at 3 months of intervention. The mean BMI at baseline was higher compared to 3 months of intervention [24.88 (SD ± 3.06) vs. 24.19 (SD ± 2.79)] which was statistically significant (p = .000). Majority of participants (n = 22, 75.9%) had improved their HbA1c level by ≥ 0.5% in 3 months. The diabetes self-management education is an effective measure in improving glycemic control and other clinical parameters among patients with T2DM. Thus, DSME needs to be implemented among clinic patients with T2DM for the better outcome and the preventions of complications.

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