scholarly journals Alternative Metabolic Strategies are Employed by Endurance Runners of Different Body Sizes; Implications for Human Evolution

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Longman ◽  
Viviane Merzbach ◽  
Jorge Marques Pinto ◽  
Laura Hope Atkinson ◽  
Jonathan C. K. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
Metabolic Strategies

Abstract Objective A suite of adaptations facilitating endurance running (ER) evolved within the hominin lineage. This may have improved our ability to reach scavenging sites before competitors, or to hunt prey over long distances. Running economy (RE) is a key determinant of endurance running performance, and depends largely on the magnitude of force required to support body mass. However, numerous environmental factors influence body mass, thereby significantly affecting RE. This study tested the hypothesis that alternative metabolic strategies may have emerged to enable ER in individuals with larger body mass and poor RE. Methods A cohort of male (n = 25) and female (n = 19) ultra-endurance runners completed submaximal and exhaustive treadmill protocols to determine RE, and V̇O2Max. Results Body mass was positively associated with sub-maximal oxygen consumption at both LT1 (male r=0.66, p<0.001; female LT1 r=0.23, p=0.177) and LT2 (male r=0.59, p=0.001; female r=0.23, p=0.183) and also with V̇O2Max (male r=0.60, p=0.001; female r=0.41, p=0.046). Additionally, sub-maximal oxygen consumption varied positively with V̇O2Max in both male (LT1 r=0.54, p=0.003; LT2 r=0.77, p<0.001) and female athletes (LT1 r=0.88, p<0.001; LT2 r=0.92, p<0.001). Conclusions The results suggest that, while individuals with low mass and good RE can glide economically as they run, larger individuals can compensate for the negative effects their mass has on RE by increasing their capacity to consume oxygen. The elevated energy expenditure of this low-economy high-energy turnover approach to ER may bring costs associated with energy diversion away from other physiological processes, however.

scholarly journals Modified sprint interval training protocols. Part II. Psychological responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan K. Townsend ◽  
Hashim Islam ◽  
Emily Dunn ◽  
Mark Eys ◽  
Jennifer Robertson-Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Improve Health

Sprint-interval training (SIT) is a viable method to improve health and fitness. However, researchers have questioned the utility of SIT because of its strenuous nature. The current study aimed to determine if manipulating the sprint and recovery duration, while maintaining the 1:8 work to rest ratio, could uncover a more favourable SIT protocol. Nine healthy active males (age, 23.3 ± 3.0 years; body mass index, 22.4 ± 2.2 kg·m−2; maximal oxygen consumption, 48.9 ± 5.3 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated in 3 experimental running SIT sessions: (i) 30:240 (4 × 30-s efforts, 240-s recovery), (ii) 15:120 (8 × 15-s efforts, 120-s recovery), (iii) 5:40 (24 × 5-s efforts, 40-s recovery), and (iv) a final behavioural choice follow-up session. Affect, intentions, task self-efficacy, enjoyment, and preference were evaluated. Midway through exercise, affect became more positive for 5:40 compared with 30:240 (p < 0.05) and postexercise affect was greater for both 5:40 (p = 0.014) and 15:120 (p = 0.015) compared with 30:240. Participants expressed greater intentions to perform 5:40 3 and 5 times/week compared with 15:120 and 30:240 (p < 0.05). Participants felt more confident in their ability to perform 5:40 (p = 0.001) and 15:120 (p = 0.008) compared with 30:240. The 5:40 session was also rated as more enjoyable than 15:120 (p = 0.025) and 30:240 (p = 0.026). All participants preferred the 5:40 protocol. These data suggest that shorter sprints with more repetitions are perceived as more enjoyable and lead to greater intentions to engage in SIT.

Endurance Capacity and High-Intensity Exercise Performance Responses to a High-Fat Diet

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Fleming ◽  
Matthew J. Sharman ◽  
Neva G. Avery ◽  
Dawn M. Love ◽  
Ana L. Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
High Fat

The effects of adaptation to a high-fat diet on endurance performance are equivocal, and there is little data regarding the effects on high-intensity exercise performance. This study examined the effects of a high-fat/moderate protein diet on submaximal, maximal, and supramaximal performance. Twenty non-highly trained men were assigned to either a high-fat/moderate-protein (HFMP; 61% fat) diet (n = 12) or a control (C; 25% fat) group (n = 8). A maximal oxygen consumption test, two 30-s Wingate anaerobic tests, and a 45-min timed ride were performed before and after 6 weeks of diet and training. Body mass decreased significantly (–2.2 kg; p ≤ .05) in HFMP subjects. Maximal oxygen consumption significantly decreased in the HFMP group (3.5 ± 0.14 to 3.27 ± 0.09 L · min−1) but was unaffected when corrected for body mass. Perceived exertion was significantly higher during this test in the HFMP group. Main time effects indicated that peak and mean power decreased significantly during bout 1 of the Wingate sprints in the HFMP (–10 and –20%, respectively) group but not the C (–8 and –16%, respectively) group. Only peak power was lower during bout 1 in the HFMP group when corrected for body mass. Despite significantly reduced RER values in the HFMP group during the 45-min cycling bout, work output was significantly decreased (–18%). Adaptation to a 6-week HFMP diet in non-highly trained men resulted in increased fat oxidation during exercise and small decrements in peak power output and endurance performance. These deleterious effects on exercise performance may be accounted for in part by a reduction in body mass and/or increased ratings of perceived exertion.

scholarly journals Body composition and maximal oxygen consumption in adult soccer players in the Republic of Macedonia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Jasmina Pluncevikj Gligoroska ◽  
Sanja Manchevska ◽  
Ljudmila Efremova ◽  
Lidija Todorovska ◽  
Slobodan Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Mean Values

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between active and passive body mass components and maximal aerobic consumption (VO2max) in adult male soccer players.Methods: The study involved seven hundred (700) male soccer players, mean age 25.06 ± 4.41 years (range 18 to 35), divided in six age groups. Body composition was assessed according the anthropometric protocol by Matiegka, and relative muscle mass (MM%), bone (BM%) and fat (BF%)  and absolute muscle mass (MMkg), bone (BMkg) and fat (BFkg) components were calculated. The Bruce protocol (incremental multistage treadmill test) was used for the estimation of maximal oxygen consumption.Results: Mean values of body mass components for total sample were as follows: muscle mass (MM%)= 52.75 ± 2.63%, bone mass (BM%)=16.63 ± 1.29% and body fat (BF%)=14.12 ± 1.54%.  Mean VO2max was 48.89±5.17 ml/kg/minute. Relative muscle mass (MM%) showed similar values across age different groups (ANOVA: F=2.174; p=0.06) while absolute muscle mass (MMkg) showed tendency of increment with age (ANOVA: F=2.136; p=0.01). Body fat (BFkg and BF%) was statistically higher in the older groups (ANOVA F=3.737; p<0.01; ANOVA F=4.117; p<0.01). Weak positive correlation between VO2 max and muscle component (r=0.243; p<0.001) and a weak negative correlation between VO2max and body fat (r=-0.08;p<0.05) were found.Conclusions: Our results confirm the assumption that subjects with larger muscle mass have greater endurance and higher maximal oxygen consumption compared to subjects with larger body fat component. 

scholarly journals Evidence of negative energy balance using doubly labelled water in elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to competition

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry W. Fudge ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Festus K. Kiplamai ◽  
Vincent O. Onywera ◽  
Michael K. Boit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
Intense Training ◽  
Heavy Training

Previous studies have found Kenyan endurance runners to be in negative energy balance during training and prior to competition. The aim of the present study was to assess energy balance in nine elite Kenyan endurance runners during heavy training. Energy intake and expenditure were determined over 7d using weighed dietary intake and doubly labelled water, respectively. Athletes were on average in negative energy balance (mean energy intake 13 241 (SD 1330) kJ/d v. mean energy expenditure 14 611 (SD 1043) kJ/d; P=0·046), although there was no loss in body mass (mean 56·0 (SD 3·4) kg v. 55·7 (SD 3·6) kg; P=0·285). The calculation of underreporting was 13; (range −24 to +9%) and almost entirely accounted for by undereating (9% (range −55 to +39%)) as opposed to a lack of significant underrecording (i.e. total water intake was no different from water loss (mean 4·2 (SD 0·6) l/d v. 4·5 (SD 0·8) l/d; P=0·496)). Fluid intake was modest and consisted mainly of water (0·9 (SD 0·5) l/d) and milky tea (0·9 (SD 0·3) l/d). The diet was high in carbohydrate (67·3 (SD 7·8) %) and sufficient in protein (15·3 (SD 4·0) %) and fat (17·4 (SD 3·9) %). These results confirm previous observations that Kenyan runners are in negative energy balance during periods of intense training. A negative energy balance would result in a reduction in body mass, which, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, would have the potential in the short term to enhance endurance running performance by reducing the energy cost of running.

scholarly journals Physiological adaptation of anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters on physical activity of elite athletes

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 431-435
Author(s):  
Marina Djelic ◽  
Slavica Saranovic ◽  
Jovan Zlatkovic ◽  
Vladimir Ilic ◽  
Dragan Radovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters ◽  
Adaptive Changes

Introduction. Specific morphological and functional characteristics of athletes have a significant role in determining athletes? sports results and can be also used to assess the athlete?s individual potential. Objective. The aim of the study was to compare anthropometric characteristics and cardiovascular parameters in trained subjects to those of untrained subjects. Methods. A total number of 25 trained (17.30?0.83 years) and 21 (18.52?1.52 years) untrained male subjects participated in this study. Body weight and height were measured and these values were used to compute body mass index (BMI). The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method was used to estimate body fat percentage (%BF). Cardiovascular parameters were monitored in rest (rest heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) during ergospirometric testing (maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate) and in recovery (heart rate in the first and third minute of recovery). Results. Body mass, height and BMI (p<0.01) were significantly higher, although BF% was lower in trained group when compared to untrained, but the difference was not statistically significant. Heart rate in rest and recovery were significantly lower (p<0.05) in trained group when compared to untrained, although maximal oxygen consumption and maximal heart rate were significantly higher in trained group (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectevely). Conclusion. Our results show that in trained subjects, water polo players, regular intense physical activity lead to adaptive changes of anthropometric parameters and adaptive changes on the cardiovascular system.

scholarly journals The Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching during Warm-Up on Running Economy and Perception of Effort in Recreational Endurance Runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8386
Author(s):  
Emanuela Faelli ◽  
Marco Panascì ◽  
Vittoria Ferrando ◽  
Ambra Bisio ◽  
Luca Filipas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Perception Of Effort ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Endurance Runners

This randomized crossover counterbalanced study investigated, in recreational runners, the acute effects of pre-exercise stretching on physiological and metabolic responses, endurance performance, and perception of effort. Eight male endurance runners (age 36 ± 11 years) performed three running-until-exhaustion tests, preceded by three warm-ups, including the following different stretching protocols: static (SS), dynamic (DS), and no-stretching (NS). During the SS and DS sessions, the warm-up consisted of 10 min of running plus 5 min of SS or DS, respectively, while during the NS session, the warm-up consisted of 15 min of running. Physiological and metabolic responses, and endurance running performance parameters, were evaluated. The perception of effort was derived from the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Running economy significantly improved after SS (p < 0.05) and DS (p < 0.01), and RPE values were significantly lower in SS (p < 0.05) and DS (p < 0.01), compared to NS. No differences in physiological and metabolic responses among the sessions were found. This study showed that including SS and DS within the warm-up ameliorated running economy and decreased the perception of effort during a running-until-exhaustion test, highlighting the benefits of stretching on endurance performance. These results should encourage recreational runners to insert stretching during warm-up, to optimize the running energy costs, reducing the perception of effort and making the training sessions more enjoyable.

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