Current understanding of the structure and function of family B GPCRs to design novel drugs

Current understanding of the structure and function of the plant alternative oxidase is reviewed. In particular, the role of the oxidase in the protection of tissues against oxidative stress is developed.

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Endogenous ion channel complexes: the NMDA receptor

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0390707 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 707-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

René A.W. Frank

Keyword(s):

Nmda Receptor ◽

Ion Channel ◽

Present Article ◽

Neuronal Excitability ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Ionotropic Receptors ◽

Receptor Complexes ◽

Aspartate Receptor ◽

And Function

Ionotropic receptors, including the NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) mediate fast neurotransmission, neurodevelopment, neuronal excitability and learning. In the present article, the structure and function of the NMDAR is reviewed with the aim to condense our current understanding and highlight frontiers where important questions regarding the biology of this receptor remain unanswered. In the second part of the present review, new biochemical and genetic approaches for the investigation of ion channel receptor complexes will be discussed.

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The Structure and Function of the Human Small Intestinal Microbiota: Current Understanding and Future Directions

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology ◽

10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 33-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Arthur J. Kastl ◽

Natalie A. Terry ◽

Gary D Wu ◽

Lindsey G. Albenberg

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Future Directions ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

And Function

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Neuroimaging of Psychotic Disorders

Neurobiology of Mental Illness ◽

10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0020 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 256-268

Author(s):

Stephan Heckers ◽

Neil Woodward ◽

Dost ÖNgür

Keyword(s):

Schizoaffective Disorder ◽

Research Methodology ◽

Brain Structure ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Brain Images ◽

Brain Structure And Function ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

And Function

Neuroimaging studies of brain structure and function have significantly advanced our understanding of psychotic disorders by capturing the pathology with brain images. This chapter provides an overview of the neuroimaging studies of psychotic disorders (mainly schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder). This will focus on meta-analyses and comprehensive reviews, but will include some seminal studies that have shaped the current understanding of psychotic disorders. The ability to study brain structure and function repeatedly and to correlate it with cognitive and clinical outcomes are unique strengths of neuroimaging studies and will ensure a prominent position of this research methodology in the study of psychotic disorders.

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Current Understanding of the Right Ventricle Structure and Function in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.641310 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Danial Sharifi Kia ◽

Kang Kim ◽

Marc A. Simon

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Biomechanical Analysis ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Future Research ◽

Close Link ◽

Pulmonary Arterial ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

And Function

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease resulting in increased right ventricular (RV) afterload and RV remodeling. PAH results in altered RV structure and function at different scales from organ-level hemodynamics to tissue-level biomechanical properties, fiber-level architecture, and cardiomyocyte-level contractility. Biomechanical analysis of RV pathophysiology has drawn significant attention over the past years and recent work has found a close link between RV biomechanics and physiological function. Building upon previously developed techniques, biomechanical studies have employed multi-scale analysis frameworks to investigate the underlying mechanisms of RV remodeling in PAH and effects of potential therapeutic interventions on these mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of RV structure and function in PAH, highlighting the findings from recent studies on the biomechanics of RV remodeling at organ, tissue, fiber, and cellular levels. Recent progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of RV remodeling in PAH, and effects of potential therapeutics, will be highlighted from a biomechanical perspective. The clinical relevance of RV biomechanics in PAH will be discussed, followed by addressing the current knowledge gaps and providing suggested directions for future research.

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Current Understanding of the Structure and Function of Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2020.00132 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Yusi Liu ◽

Shanna Bastiaan-Net ◽

Harry J. Wichers

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

And Function

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The ADP-Ribosylating Toxins of Salmonella

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11070416 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 416 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cheng ◽

Wiedmann

Keyword(s):

Genome Sequence ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Whole Genome Sequence ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Susceptible Host ◽

And Function ◽

Typhoid Toxin

A number of pathogenic bacteria utilize toxins to mediate disease in a susceptible host. The foodborne pathogen Salmonella is one of the most important and well-studied bacterial pathogens. Recently, whole genome sequence characterizations revealed the presence of multiple novel ADP-ribosylating toxins encoded by a variety of Salmonella serovars. In this review, we discuss both the classical (SpvB) and novel (typhoid toxin, ArtAB, and SboC/SeoC) ADP-ribosylating toxins of Salmonella, including the structure and function of these toxins and our current understanding of their contributions to virulence.

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Airway Innervation and Plasticity in Asthma

Physiology ◽

10.1152/physiol.00050.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 283-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

L. E. M. Kistemaker ◽

Y. S. Prakash

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Future Research ◽

Airway Diseases ◽

Novel Treatment ◽

Novel Treatment Strategies ◽

And Function

Airway nerves represent a mechanistically and therapeutically important aspect that requires better highlighting in the context of diseases such as asthma. Altered structure and function (plasticity) of afferent and efferent airway innervation can contribute to airway diseases. We describe established anatomy, current understanding of how plasticity occurs, and contributions of plasticity to asthma, focusing on target-derived growth factors (neurotrophins). Perspectives toward novel treatment strategies and future research are provided.

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Neurofilaments: neurobiological foundations for biomarker applications

Brain ◽

10.1093/brain/awaa098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 143 (7) ◽

pp. 1975-1998 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Arie R Gafson ◽

Nicolas R Barthélemy ◽

Pascale Bomont ◽

Roxana O Carare ◽

Heather D Durham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Injury ◽

Intermediate Filaments ◽

Neuronal Injury ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Neurofilament Proteins ◽

New Methods ◽

And Function ◽

Kinetics Of

Abstract Interest in neurofilaments has risen sharply in recent years with recognition of their potential as biomarkers of brain injury or neurodegeneration in CSF and blood. This is in the context of a growing appreciation for the complexity of the neurobiology of neurofilaments, new recognition of specialized roles for neurofilaments in synapses and a developing understanding of mechanisms responsible for their turnover. Here we will review the neurobiology of neurofilament proteins, describing current understanding of their structure and function, including recently discovered evidence for their roles in synapses. We will explore emerging understanding of the mechanisms of neurofilament degradation and clearance and review new methods for future elucidation of the kinetics of their turnover in humans. Primary roles of neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of human diseases will be described. With this background, we then will review critically evidence supporting use of neurofilament concentration measures as biomarkers of neuronal injury or degeneration. Finally, we will reflect on major challenges for studies of the neurobiology of intermediate filaments with specific attention to identifying what needs to be learned for more precise use and confident interpretation of neurofilament measures as biomarkers of neurodegeneration.

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Sensory Processing at Ribbon Synapses in the Retina and the Cochlea

Physiological Reviews ◽

10.1152/physrev.00026.2018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 103-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Tobias Moser ◽

Chad P. Grabner ◽

Frank Schmitz

Keyword(s):

Sensory Processing ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Anatomy And Physiology ◽

Ribbon Synapses ◽

Signaling Mechanisms ◽

Molecular Anatomy ◽

Key Aspects ◽

And Function

In recent years, sensory neuroscientists have made major efforts to dissect the structure and function of ribbon synapses which process sensory information in the eye and ear. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of two key aspects of ribbon synapses: 1) their mechanisms of exocytosis and endocytosis and 2) their molecular anatomy and physiology. Our comparison of ribbon synapses in the cochlea and the retina reveals convergent signaling mechanisms, as well as divergent strategies in different sensory systems.

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