scholarly journals The Rocky Road from Experience to Expression of Emotions—Women’s Anger About Sexism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Sasse ◽  
Jolien A. van Breen ◽  
Russell Spears ◽  
Ernestine H. Gordijn
Keyword(s):  
Anger Expression ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Expression Of Emotions ◽  
Perceived Costs

AbstractWe investigated women’s anger expression in response to sexism. In three studies (Ns = 103, 317, and 241), we tested the predictions that women express less anger about sexism than they experience—the anger gap—and that the anger expressed by women is associated with instrumental concerns, specifically perceived costs and benefits of confronting sexism. To estimate the specificity of the proposed gap, we compared women’s anger reactions to men’s anger reactions as well as anger reactions to sadness reactions. Across studies, we found support for the anger gap, that is, lower anger expression than experience, and the gap was more pronounced for women than for men (Study 3). Surprisingly, a gap also occurred in sadness reactions. Regarding instrumental concerns, there was converging evidence that expressed anger was negatively associated with individual costs. We also investigated whether anger expression can be encouraged through women’s identification with feminists (Studies 1 and 2) and support by other women (Study 2); yet, we found no evidence. We conclude that, to understand women’s—and men’s—reactions to sexism, it is critical not to mistake their emotion expression for how they really feel, but instead to also consider strategic concerns.

Why Municipal Cooperation Matters

2016 ◽  
pp. 140-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Teles ◽  
Pekka Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Costs

It is a common phenomenon that municipalities cooperate with each other. Cooperation eventually brings about the gains of efficiency or makes it possible to deliver services. We can however assume that cooperation may also fail, cause unwarranted negative side-effects and diminish the democratic capacity of the participating municipalities. The aim of this paper is to present the literature and available scholarship on the topic, and discuss the research agenda on inter-municipal cooperation, especially through the analysis of its scope, motivations, and perceived costs and benefits. The approach to the problem will be based in multidisciplinary contributions of existing research, which involves theoretical arguments related to the advantages of cooperation, the impact on democracy and accountability, as well as the discussion of public vs private provision of services. The conclusions should enable a serious reflection about Inter-Municipal Cooperation state of the art.

scholarly journals Do costs and benefits of children matter for religious people? Perceived consequences of parenthood and fertility intentions in Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Christoph Bein ◽  
Monika Mynarska ◽  
Anne H. Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Perceived Consequences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Costs

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the positive relationship between religiosity and fertility from the perspective of perceived consequences of parenthood. Previous studies in Germany have found that highly religious people ascribe higher benefits and lower costs to having children. Furthermore, the impact of costs and benefits on fertility is less pronounced among the highly religious. This study tested these mechanisms for fertility intentions and in the context of Poland – a country with a low fertility rate and high religiosity in comparison to other European countries. A sample of 4892 men and women of childbearing age from the second wave of the Polish version of the Generations and Gender Survey conducted in 2014/2015 was used. First, the extent to which perceived costs and benefits mediate the impact of religiosity on fertility intentions was analysed. Second, whether religiosity moderates the impact of perceived costs and benefits on fertility intentions was investigated. The results show that part of the positive effect of religiosity on fertility intentions can be explained by more-religious people seeing higher benefits of having children. Furthermore, but only in the case of women, religiosity moderates the impact of perceived costs on fertility intentions, suggesting that the effect of perceived costs decreases with increasing religiosity.

scholarly journals Food preferences determine human–elephant coexistence in African woodlands

Oryx ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
María Montero-Botey ◽  
Alfonso San Miguel ◽  
Ramón Perea
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Perceived Costs

Abstract Human–elephant coexistence remains a major conservation and livelihood challenge across elephant Loxodonta africana range in Africa. This study investigates the extent of elephant crop damage on 66 farms in the Selous–Niassa corridor (Tanzania), to search for potential management solutions to this problem. We found that the relative abundance of highly preferred crops (area covered by preferred crops divided by the total area of each farm) was by far the most important factor determining crop damage by elephants. Eighteen crop types were ranked according to their preference by elephants. Sweet potatoes, bananas, peanuts, onions, pumpkins and maize were the most preferred crops, with maize the most common crop among those highly preferred. On average elephants damaged 25.7% of the cultivated farmland they entered. A beta regression model suggests that a reduction in the cultivation of preferred crops from 75 to 25% of the farmland area decreases elephant crop damage by 64%. Water availability (distance to the nearest waterhole) and the presence of private investors (mostly hunting tourism companies) were of lower importance in determining elephant crop damage. Thus, damage by elephants increased with shorter distances to waterholes and decreased in areas with private investors. However, further studies are required, particularly of the perceived costs and benefits of elephants to local communities. Farm aggregation and the use of non-preferred crops that also require less water would potentially reduce elephant damage but would be a major lifestyle change for some local communities.

U.S. Policy toward Foreign Direct Investment

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Kudrle ◽  
Davis B. Bobrow
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Capacity ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Process Factors ◽  
Perceived Costs

Foreign investment policy is an increasingly important part of overall foreign policy. The authors investigate the substance of U.S. outgoing foreign direct investment (OFDI) and incoming foreign direct investment (IFDI) policy in terms of a small set of policy values and process factors. The policy values are domestic prosperity, national autonomy, and national security. The process factors are ideological consonance, impact transparency, the diffusion and concentration of perceived costs and benefits, and the political capacity of groups and institutions. These considerations illuminate the relative stability in both areas of policy since World War II, and help to explain the changes that did take place. The paper concludes with a forecast that, despite the oft-heard prediction that economic nationalism is on the increase, U.S. policies toward foreign investment will remain much the same during the eighties as they have been Since World War II.

scholarly journals Pig Farmers' Perceptions of Economic Incentives to Control Salmonella Prevalence at Herd Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Vesterlund Olsen ◽  
Tove Christensen ◽  
Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Farmer Behavior ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Perceived Costs

This paper investigates how perceived costs and benefits of Salmonella control among Danish pig farmers affect the farmers' choice of action toward reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in their herds. Based on data from an online questionnaire involving 163 Danish pig farmers, we find a considerable uncertainty among pig farmers about the perceived effects of the Salmonella reducing actions. The results indicate large variations in the perceived costs of implementing different types of Salmonella reducing actions (management-, hygiene- and feed-related). For some cases, farmers associate net benefits and positive productivity effects with implementation of the actions while studies by the industry indicate net costs to the farmers. Differences among farmers support the idea of an outcome-based Salmonella penalty scheme but the large uncertainties about costs and effects of actions toward Salmonella control might hamper the effectiveness of such a penalty scheme as a regulatory instrument to affect farmer behavior.

scholarly journals Emotion Expression when Teaching with Creative Movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Prosen ◽  
Vesna Geršak ◽  
Helena Smrtnik Vitulić
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Method ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Creative Movement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Recognition Software

The study focuses on students emotion expression during geometry teaching including creative movement (experimental group or EG) and without it (control group or CG). The sample (N = 104) was made up of primary school (second-grade) students: 66 were assigned to the EG and 38 to the CG. Of these, 12 students from the EG and 8 from the CG were randomly selected for observation of emotion: type, intensity, triggering situation, and response of others. For the observed students, the intensity of emotion expression was also measured by the facial expression recognition software FaceReader. All of the students self-assessed their contentedness with the teaching. The students in the EG and the CG expressed various emotions, with joy being the most prevalent, followed by anger. The most frequent situations triggering joy were activities in the EG and the CG. The intensity of joy was higher in the EG than in the CG when assessed by observation, but there was no significant difference when assessed by FaceReader. The intensity of anger expression was at a similar level in both groups. Both students and teachers responded to students joy expression, but only the students responded to anger expression in the EG and the CG. The students in both groups expressed a high level of contentedness with the teaching. Key words: creative movement; emotion expression; intensity of emotions; students; teaching method.

scholarly journals Emotion regulation in response to daily negative and positive events in youth: The role of event intensity and psychopathology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Pauliina Hiekkaranta ◽  
Olivia J Kirtley ◽  
Ginette Lafit ◽  
Jeroen Decoster ◽  
Catherine Derom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Young People ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Psychopathology Symptoms

Environmental and individual contextual factors profoundly influence how people regulate their emotions. The current article addresses the role of event intensity and psychopathology (an admixture of depression, anxiety, and psychoticism) on emotion regulation in response to naturally occurring events. For six days each evening, a youth sample (aged 15-25, N = 713) recorded the intensity of the most positive and most negative event of the day and their subsequent emotion regulation. The intensity of negative events was positively associated with summed total emotion regulation effort, strategy diversity, engaging in rumination, situation modification, emotion expression, and sharing and negatively associated with reappraisal and acceptance. The intensity of positive events was positively associated with strategy diversity, savoring, emotion expression, and sharing. Higher psychopathology symptoms were only related to ruminating more about negative events. We interpret these findings as support for the role of context in the degree of effort and type of emotion regulation that young people engage in.

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