Lithium levels in blood platelets, serum, red blood cells and brain regions in rats given acute or chronic lithium salt treatments

A low-angle light scattering technique, which has been applied previously to studies of blood platelets and Ehrlich ascite tumor cells, revealed differences in the dynamics of necrotic and apoptotic red blood cell death. Under hypotonic loading or in ammonia medium, red blood cells (RBC) swelled to a critical size (diameter approximately 13μm) prior to hemolysis (necrosis). Under acidic loading, hemolysis occurred with less pronounced swelling of cells (diameter approximately 10μm). Apoptosis induced by a calcium ionophore resulted in initial formation of echinocytes, followed by development of rounded red blood cells with uneven membrane, capable of agglomeration. In such a way, RBC aggregation can precede the final stages of the RBC apoptosis when small cellular fragments are generated. On the basis of erythrograms of the cells hemolysing in ammonia medium, the echinocytic (preapoptotic) and stomatocytic (prenecrotic) RBC were discerned due to the very high resistance of apoptotic RBC to osmotic (ammonia) loading.

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Voluntary Movements Discipline Audiovisual Perception

10.31234/osf.io/bqr6u ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Yousef

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Voluntary Movements ◽

Deep Breathing ◽

Audiovisual Perception ◽

Cognitive Action ◽

Actual Material

We had shown that deep breathing had been able to effectively and timely alter visual and auditory bistable perception, see reference 1, 2. Deep breathing requires cognitive control, and therefore, in this study, we decide to investigate whether voluntary movements of human hands are able to govern the audiovisual perception using an integrative stimulus that’s built up with the aforementioned visual and auditory stimuli. Astoundingly, when the human subjects moves the pen towards the actual physical direction, even without touching the screen; the original materials of the audiovisual stimulus appear. Reversed perception, namely, illusory motion reversals and illusory word appear when the pen is moved in the opposite direction of the actual motion. Cognitive actions’ brain areas, namely, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex may require high concentration of oxygenated hobgoblin red blood cells to achieve fulsome executive movements; and this could results in significant reduction of the concentrations of the oxygenated hobgoblin red blood cells in the visual and auditory cortices. Reductions that disallow one of two; the central versus the peripheral conscious brains dedicated for audiovisual perceptions, to rapidly alternate their conscious productions; and therefore, stoppage against bistable audiovisual perception will occur. We thus hypothesis that the DLPFC may send signals to deactivate the peripheral areas in the sensory brain regions when the cognitive action is harmonized with the actual material; but it may send a contrary signal to deactivate the central areas in the sensory brain regions when the cognitive action and the actual material are disharmonized.

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THE PRODUCTION OF PURPURA BY DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.43.1.111 ◽

1926 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 111-106

Author(s):

Hobart A. Reimann ◽

Louis A. Julianelle

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Hemolytic Activity ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Red Cells ◽

Severe Anemia ◽

Marked Diminution ◽

Derivatives Of

A study has been made of the variation in number of the blood platelets, and the red and white blood cells of white mice injected with pneumococcus extract. The blood platelets were greatly diminished after the injection, the greatest decrease usually occurring after 24 hours. Purpuric lesions usually developed when the number of blood platelets became less than 500,000 per c.mm. Regeneration of the platelets was accomplished by the 4th to the 9th day but there was an overregeneration and the return to normal did not take place until 2 weeks had elapsed. The red cells were also greatly reduced in number, but the rate of their destruction and regeneration was somewhat slower than that of the platelets. The leucocytes were slightly if at all influenced by the pneumococcus extract. Pneumococcus extracts were shown to be thrombolytic and hemolytic. Heat destroyed the activity of both the lysins in vitro. Heated extract produced purpura in mice but did not cause a severe anemia. Extracts adsorbed with either blood platelets or red blood cells showed a marked diminution in their thrombolytic and hemolytic activity in vitro. Such extracts, however, produced purpura as well as severe anemia and thrombopenia in mice.

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Adsorption of Carbon-14 Dextran to Human Blood Platelets and Red Blood Cells, in Vitro

Vox Sanguinis ◽

10.1111/j.1423-0410.1957.tb03441.x ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 104-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. ROTHMAN ◽

E. ADELSON ◽

A. SCHWEBEL ◽

R. D. LANGDELL

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Human Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

Carbon 14 ◽

Human Blood Platelets

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Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v62.1.214.214 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 214-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

PA Aarts ◽

PA Bolhuis ◽

KS Sakariassen ◽

RM Heethaar ◽

JJ Sixma

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Size ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

Red Cells ◽

Cell Diameter ◽

Red Cell ◽

Human Red Blood Cells ◽

Platelet Adherence ◽

Order Of Magnitude

Abstract The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase of platelet accumulation of about an order of magnitude. Our studies concern the role of red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber, according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady-flow system. Normal human red blood cells (MCV 95 cu mu) increased platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 0.6. Small erythrocytes from goats (MCV 25 cu mu) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (MCV 70 cu mu) caused an intermediate increase in adherence. Red blood cells from newborns (MCV 110–130 cu mu) caused a larger increase in platelet adherence than normal red cells at hematocrit 0.4. These results were further confirmed with large red blood cells from two patients. Experiments with small red cells (MCV 70 cu mu) of patients with iron deficiency showed that platelet adherence was similar to normal red cells, provided the red cell diameter was normal. Small red blood cells of a patient with sideroblastic anemia caused decreased adherence. These data indicate that red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. Red cell diameter is more important than average volume. However, for size differences in the human range, the hematocrit remains the dominant parameter.

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Adsorption of Carbon-14 Dextran to Human Blood Platelets and Red Blood Cells, in Vitro *

Vox Sanguinis ◽

10.1159/000478303 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 104-109

Author(s):

S. Rothman ◽

E. Adelson ◽

A. Schwebel ◽

R.D. Langdell ◽

G. Fraction

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Human Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

Carbon 14 ◽

Human Blood Platelets

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Red blood cell size is important for adherence of blood platelets to artery subendothelium

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v62.1.214.bloodjournal621214 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 214-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

PA Aarts ◽

PA Bolhuis ◽

KS Sakariassen ◽

RM Heethaar ◽

JJ Sixma

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Size ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

Red Cells ◽

Cell Diameter ◽

Red Cell ◽

Human Red Blood Cells ◽

Platelet Adherence ◽

Order Of Magnitude

The hematocrit is one of the main factors influencing platelet adherence to the vessel wall. Raising the hematocrit causes an increase of platelet accumulation of about an order of magnitude. Our studies concern the role of red cell size. We have studied this effect using an annular perfusion chamber, according to Baumgartner, with human umbilical arteries and a steady-flow system. Normal human red blood cells (MCV 95 cu mu) increased platelet adherence sevenfold, as the hematocrit increases from 0 to 0.6. Small erythrocytes from goats (MCV 25 cu mu) caused no increment in adherence in the same hematocrit range. Rabbit erythrocytes (MCV 70 cu mu) caused an intermediate increase in adherence. Red blood cells from newborns (MCV 110–130 cu mu) caused a larger increase in platelet adherence than normal red cells at hematocrit 0.4. These results were further confirmed with large red blood cells from two patients. Experiments with small red cells (MCV 70 cu mu) of patients with iron deficiency showed that platelet adherence was similar to normal red cells, provided the red cell diameter was normal. Small red blood cells of a patient with sideroblastic anemia caused decreased adherence. These data indicate that red cell size is of major importance for platelet adherence. Red cell diameter is more important than average volume. However, for size differences in the human range, the hematocrit remains the dominant parameter.

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THE HEMOCYTOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF ADULT MALE RABBITS FROM FIFTEEN STANDARD BREEDS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.64.3.453 ◽

1936 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 453-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Albert E. Casey ◽

Paul D. Rosahn ◽

Ch'uan-K'uei Hu ◽

Louise Pearce

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Numerical Representation ◽

Technical Errors ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Variance

A study of the red blood cells, hemoglobin, blood platelets, and the total and individual white blood cells was made on 180 male rabbits of known age and representing fifteen standard breeds. An attempt was made to eliminate or bold constant such variables as age, sex, season, time of examination, technical errors, food, housing, and disease. The mean, variance of the mean, and standard deviation were calculated for each breed sample and for the group as a whole. An analysis of the variance showed that the variation between the breed samples was significantly greater than the variation within the breed samples for the red blood cells, hemoglobin, blood platelets, total white blood cells, basophiles, eosinophiles, and lymphocytes per cubic millimeter and in per cent and the neutrophiles in per cent. No significant variations were detected in the monocytes except when the breeds were divided into heavy and light breeds. No variation in the neutrophiles per cubic millimeter was detected; a large number of the breeds had exactly the same mean neutrophile level. Characteristic blood formulae were found for the various breed samples having an adequate numerical representation. It was concluded that the varying blood formulae could not be explained on any other, except an hereditary (genetic) basis.

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Influence of Decalcifying Agents in Increasing Concentrations on the Stability of Human Platelets

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1654949 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 05 (03) ◽

pp. 559-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R Honorato ◽

G Schindler

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Human Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Sodium Citrate ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

Human Platelets ◽

Sodium Oxalate ◽

Blood Samples ◽

The Stability ◽

Human Blood Platelets

Summary1. The influence of 0.025 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M sodium oxalate and of 0.2 M sodium citrate on the stability of human blood platelets was studied.2. A diminution of the resistance of platelets to glass in the 0.025 M and 0.1.M sodium oxalate blood samples was observed.3. This effect of oxalate was not observed when red blood cells were not present.

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The Influence of Human Blood Cells on the Solubility of Clot in Urea Solution and Clot Lysis

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1655628 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 16 (01/02) ◽

pp. 069-085 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

St Kirchmayer ◽

A Koj ◽

B Biernacka

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Proteolytic Activity ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

Active Form ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Urea Solution ◽

Clot Lysis ◽

Blood Clots

SummaryA proteolytic factor digesting fibrin in concentrate urea solution was demonstrated in granulocytes, erythrocytes and blood platelets.The proteolytic factor is not dialysable, is inactivated at temp. 80°, and produces low molecular weight peptides when digesting clot. Its action on fibrin is dependent on the presence of urea, but urea does not activate it permanently. In granulocytes the factor is present in an active form, and in red blood cells it is located in the stromata, its activity being suppressed by an inhibitor adsorbed on the surface of the cells. Red blood cells exhibit proteolytic activity only after several washings with physiological saline solution.Increased solubility of full blood clots in urea can be brought about by addition of an excess of active proteolytic factor (concentrated granulocyte or washed red blood cell suspensions) to the clot, or by prior washing of the clot with physiological saline (to remove the inhibitor). Noncellular clots (fibrin, plasma clots) may be dissolved in urea only after addition of granulocytes, platelets or activated red cells.The possible role of this proteolytic activity in the in vivo liquefaction of blood clots is discussed.

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