scholarly journals Voluntary Movements Discipline Audiovisual Perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Audiovisual Perception ◽  
Cognitive Action ◽  
Actual Material

We had shown that deep breathing had been able to effectively and timely alter visual and auditory bistable perception, see reference 1, 2. Deep breathing requires cognitive control, and therefore, in this study, we decide to investigate whether voluntary movements of human hands are able to govern the audiovisual perception using an integrative stimulus that’s built up with the aforementioned visual and auditory stimuli. Astoundingly, when the human subjects moves the pen towards the actual physical direction, even without touching the screen; the original materials of the audiovisual stimulus appear. Reversed perception, namely, illusory motion reversals and illusory word appear when the pen is moved in the opposite direction of the actual motion. Cognitive actions’ brain areas, namely, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex may require high concentration of oxygenated hobgoblin red blood cells to achieve fulsome executive movements; and this could results in significant reduction of the concentrations of the oxygenated hobgoblin red blood cells in the visual and auditory cortices. Reductions that disallow one of two; the central versus the peripheral conscious brains dedicated for audiovisual perceptions, to rapidly alternate their conscious productions; and therefore, stoppage against bistable audiovisual perception will occur. We thus hypothesis that the DLPFC may send signals to deactivate the peripheral areas in the sensory brain regions when the cognitive action is harmonized with the actual material; but it may send a contrary signal to deactivate the central areas in the sensory brain regions when the cognitive action and the actual material are disharmonized.

Connectivity-Related Roles of Contralesional Brain Regions for Motor Performance Early after Stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Hensel ◽  
Caroline Tscherpel ◽  
Jana Freytag ◽  
Stella Ritter ◽  
Anne K Rehme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus

Abstract Hemiparesis after stroke is associated with increased neural activity not only in the lesioned but also in the contralesional hemisphere. While most studies have focused on the role of contralesional primary motor cortex (M1) activity for motor performance, data on other areas within the unaffected hemisphere are scarce, especially early after stroke. We here combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elucidate the contribution of contralesional M1, dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), and anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) for the stroke-affected hand within the first 10 days after stroke. We used “online” TMS to interfere with neural activity at subject-specific fMRI coordinates while recording 3D movement kinematics. Interfering with aIPS activity improved tapping performance in patients, but not healthy controls, suggesting a maladaptive role of this region early poststroke. Analyzing effective connectivity parameters using a Lasso prediction model revealed that behavioral TMS effects were predicted by the coupling of the stimulated aIPS with dPMC and ipsilesional M1. In conclusion, we found a strong link between patterns of frontoparietal connectivity and TMS effects, indicating a detrimental influence of the contralesional aIPS on motor performance early after stroke.

Abstract 25: Periinfarct Rewiring Supports Recovery After Primary Motor Cortex Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsouko van Assche ◽  
Elisabeth Dirren ◽  
Alexia Bourgeois ◽  
Andreas Kleinschmidt ◽  
Jonas Richiardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hand Dexterity ◽  
Motor Network

Background and Purpose: After stroke restricted to the primary motor cortex (M1), it is uncertain whether network reorganization associated with motor recovery involves the periinfarct or more remote brain regions. In humans, the challenge is to recruit patients with similar lesions in size and location. Methods: We studied 16 patients with focal M1 stroke and hand paresis. Motor function and resting-state MRI functional connectivity (FC) were studied at three time points: acute (<10 days), early subacute (3 weeks), and late subacute (3 months). FC correlates of motor recovery were investigated at three spatial scales, i) ipsilesional non-infarcted M1, ii) core motor network (including M1, premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary somatosensory cortex), and iii) extended motor network including all regions structurally connected to the upper limb representation of M1. Results: Hand dexterity was impaired only in the acute phase ( P =0.036). At a small spatial scale, improved dexterity was associated with increased FC involving mainly the ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 and contralesional motor regions (cM1: rho=0.732; P =0.004; cPMC: rho=0.837, P <0.001; cSMA: rho=0.736; P =0.004). At a larger scale, motor recovery correlated with the relative increase in total FC strength in the core motor network compared to the extended motor network (rho=0.71; P =0.006). Conclusions: FC changes associated with motor improvement involve the perilesional M1 and do not extend beyond the core motor network. The ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 and core motor regions could hence be primary targets for future restorative therapies.

scholarly journals Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls

2019 ◽  
Vol 237 (11) ◽  
pp. 2957-2972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Seidel ◽  
Daniel Carius ◽  
Julia Roediger ◽  
Sebastian Rumpf ◽  
Patrick Ragert
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Neurovascular Coupling ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Cycling Test

Abstract It is well known that endurance exercise modulates the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about its effects on brain function and structure is rather sparse. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate exercise-dependent adaptations in neurovascular coupling to different intensity levels in motor-related brain regions. Moreover, expertise effects between trained endurance athletes (EA) and active control participants (ACP) during a cycling test were investigated using multi-distance functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Initially, participants performed an incremental cycling test (ICT) to assess peak values of power output (PPO) and cardiorespiratory parameters such as oxygen consumption volume (VO2max) and heart rate (HRmax). In a second session, participants cycled individual intensity levels of 20, 40, and 60% of PPO while measuring cardiorespiratory responses and neurovascular coupling. Our results revealed exercise-induced decreases of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), indicating an increased activation in motor-related brain areas such as primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor cortex (PMC). However, we could not find any differential effects in brain activation between EA and ACP. Future studies should extend this approach using whole-brain configurations and systemic physiological augmented fNIRS measurements, which seems to be of pivotal interest in studies aiming to assess neural activation in a sports-related context.

scholarly journals All Talk and No Action: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study of Motor Cortex Activation during Action Word Production

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Oliveri ◽  
Chiara Finocchiaro ◽  
Kevin Shapiro ◽  
Massimo Gangitano ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
Motor Areas

A number of researchers have proposed that the premotor and motor areas are critical for the representation of words that refer to actions, but not objects. Recent evidence against this hypothesis indicates that the left premotor cortex is more sensitive to grammatical differences than to conceptual differences between words. However, it may still be the case that other anterior motor regions are engaged in processing a word's sensorimotor features. In the present study, we used singleand paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the hypothesis that left primary motor cortex is activated during the retrieval of words (nouns and verbs) associated with specific actions. We found that activation in the motor cortex increased for action words compared with non-action words, but was not sensitive to the grammatical category of the word being produced. These results complement previous findings and support the notion that producing a word activates some brain regions relevant to the sensorimotor properties associated with that word regardless of its grammatical category.

scholarly journals Asymmetric effective connectivity within frontoparietal motor network underlying motor imagery and motor execution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Ogawa ◽  
Hideki Shimobayashi ◽  
Jun-ichiro Hirayama ◽  
Motoaki Kawanabe
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Motor Network

AbstractBoth imagery and execution of motor controls consist of interactions within a neuronal network, including frontal motor-related regions and posterior parietal regions. To reveal neural representation in the frontoparietal motor network, several approaches have been proposed: one is decoding of actions/modes related to motor control from the spatial pattern of brain activity; another is to estimate effective connectivity, which means a directed association between two brain regions within motor regions. However, a motor network consisting of multiple brain regions has not been investigated to illustrate network representation depending on motor imagery (MI) or motor execution (ME). Here, we attempted to differentiate the frontoparietal motor-related networks based on the effective connectivity in the MI and ME conditions. We developed a delayed sequential movement and imagery (dSMI) task to evoke brain activity associated with data under ME and MI in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. We applied a linear non-Gaussian acyclic causal model to identify effective connectivity among the frontoparietal motor-related brain regions for each condition. We demonstrated higher effective connectivity from the contralateral dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) to the primary motor cortex (M1) in ME than in MI. We mainly identified significant direct effects of dPMC and ventral premotor cortex (vPMC) to the parietal regions. In particular, connectivity from the dPMC to the superior parietal lobule (SPL) in the same hemisphere showed significant positive effects across all conditions. Instead, interlateral connectivities from vPMC to SPL showed significantly negative effects across all conditions. Finally, we found positive effects from A1 to M1 in the same hemisphere, such as the audio motor pathway. These results indicated that sources of motor command originated from d/vPMC and influenced M1 as achievements of ME and MI, and the parietal regions as integration of somatosensory and visual representation during finger tapping. In addition, sequential sounds may functionally facilitate temporal motor processes.

scholarly journals Deep Breathing Alters Visual Motion Perception

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
Visual Motion Perception ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Brain

This article is to provide evidence that deep breathing had great influence on the perception of stimuli that trigger illusory motion perception. We had used two different stimuli; the first one can be considered as bistable rivalrous stimulus because it can trigger illusory motion reversals during its motion. The second stimulus is stationary, namely rotating snakes illusion, it is also bistable rivalrous stimulus because it has two states, stationary versus illusory motion. We had noticed that deep inhalation slows down the speed of the first stimulus and eliminates the illusory motion perception of the second stimulus. This might be because the amount of the hobgoblin red blood cells, possibly including the rich oxygenated ones, might be forcibly reduced in the brain during the intended inhalation, in turn, different parts in the brain, including hMT+ region, might be partially deactivated, see reference 1 and 2. Significant reduction against stimulus’ contrast is known to slow down the perceived speed, it also diminishes the activities of the retinal peripheries and their corresponding neurological connections that collectively build up the peripheral brain; we therefore suspect the peripheral hMT+ region to be inactivated by the deep inhalation. Strong exhalation, however, triggers illusory motion reversal for the first stimulus, and promotes illusory motion perception for the second stimulus; behavior that can be explained by the increased amount of the hobgoblin red blood cells that may activate different necessary regions in the peripheral brain. Astonishingly, we found that deep inhalation and exhalation sufficiently can control the aforementioned bistable visual perception.

scholarly journals Increasing and decreasing interregional brain coupling increases and decreases oscillatory activity in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (37) ◽  
pp. e2100652118
Author(s):  
Alejandra Sel ◽  
Lennart Verhagen ◽  
Katharina Angerer ◽  
Raluca David ◽  
Miriam C. Klein-Flügge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The origins of oscillatory activity in the brain are currently debated, but common to many hypotheses is the notion that they reflect interactions between brain areas. Here, we examine this possibility by manipulating the strength of coupling between two human brain regions, ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and primary motor cortex (M1), and examine the impact on oscillatory activity in the motor system measurable in the electroencephalogram. We either increased or decreased the strength of coupling while holding the impact on each component area in the pathway constant. This was achieved by stimulating PMv and M1 with paired pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation using two different patterns, only one of which increases the influence exerted by PMv over M1. While the stimulation protocols differed in their temporal patterning, they were comprised of identical numbers of pulses to M1 and PMv. We measured the impact on activity in alpha, beta, and theta bands during a motor task in which participants either made a preprepared action (Go) or withheld it (No-Go). Augmenting cortical connectivity between PMv and M1, by evoking synchronous pre- and postsynaptic activity in the PMv–M1 pathway, enhanced oscillatory beta and theta rhythms in Go and No-Go trials, respectively. Little change was observed in the alpha rhythm. By contrast, diminishing the influence of PMv over M1 decreased oscillatory beta and theta rhythms in Go and No-Go trials, respectively. This suggests that corticocortical communication frequencies in the PMv–M1 pathway can be manipulated following Hebbian spike-timing–dependent plasticity.

scholarly journals Cortical activation associated with motor preparation can be used to predict the freely chosen effector of an upcoming movement and reflects response time: An fMRI decoding study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Hirose ◽  
Isao Nambu ◽  
Eiichi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Action Execution ◽  
Motor Representations

AbstractMotor action is prepared in the human brain for rapid initiation at the appropriate time. Recent non-invasive decoding techniques have shown that brain activity for action preparation represents various parameters of an upcoming action. In the present study, we demonstrated that a freely chosen effector can be predicted from brain activity measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before initiation of the action. Furthermore, the activity was related to response time (RT). We measured brain activity with fMRI while 12 participants performed a finger-tapping task using either the left or right hand, which was freely chosen by them. Using fMRI decoding, we identified brain regions in which activity during the preparatory period could predict the hand used for the upcoming action. We subsequently evaluated the relationship between brain activity and the RT of the upcoming action to determine whether correct decoding was associated with short RT. We observed that activity in the supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex measured before action execution predicted the hand used to perform the action with significantly above-chance accuracy (approximately 70%). Furthermore, in most participants, the RT was shorter in trials for which the used hand was correctly predicted. The present study showed that preparatory activity in cortical motor areas represents information about the effector used for an upcoming action, and that well-formed motor representations in these regions are associated with reduced response times.HighlightsBrain activity measured by fMRI was used to predict freely chosen effectors.M1/PMd and SMA activity predicted the effector hand prior to action initiation.Response time was shorter in trials in which effector hand was correctly predicted.Freely chosen action is represented in the M1/PMd and SMA.Well-formed preparatory motor representations lead to reduced response time.

scholarly journals Top-down alteration of functional connectivity within the sensorimotor network in focal dystonia

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (16) ◽  
pp. e1843-e1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Battistella ◽  
Kristina Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Spasmodic Dysphonia ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Dystonic Tremor

ObjectivesTo determine the directionality of regional interactions and influences of one region on another within the functionally abnormal sensorimotor network in isolated focal dystonia.MethodsA total of 40 patients with spasmodic dysphonia with and without dystonic tremor of voice and 35 healthy controls participated in the study. Independent component analysis (ICA) of resting-state fMRI was used to identify 4 abnormally coupled brain regions within the functional sensorimotor network in all patients compared to controls. Follow-up spectral dynamic causal modeling (DCM) estimated regional effective connectivity between patients and controls and between patients with spasmodic dysphonia with and without dystonic tremor of voice to expand the understanding of symptomatologic variability associated with this disorder.ResultsICA found abnormally reduced functional connectivity of the left inferior parietal cortex, putamen, and bilateral premotor cortex in all patients compared to controls, pointing to a largely overlapping pathophysiology of focal dystonia and dystonic tremor. DCM determined that the disruption of the sensorimotor network was both top-down, involving hyperexcitable parieto-putaminal influence, and interhemispheric, involving right-to-left hyperexcitable premotor coupling in all patients compared to controls. These regional alterations were associated with their abnormal self-inhibitory function when comparing patients with spasmodic dysphonia patients with and without dystonic tremor of voice.ConclusionsAbnormal hyperexcitability of premotor-parietal-putaminal circuitry may be explained by altered information transfer between these regions due to underlying deficient connectivity. Identification of brain regions involved in processing of sensorimotor information in preparation for movement execution suggests that complex network disruption is staged well before the dystonic behavior is produced by the primary motor cortex.

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