Development of the γ-crystal form in random copolymers of propylene and their analysis by dsc and x-ray methods

Polymer ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 487-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Turner-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Form ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ray Methods

Structure Effects and Related Polymer Properties in Polybutadiene. I. Preparation and Characterization

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Berger ◽  
D. J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Benzene Solution ◽  
Amorphous Polymer ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
Trans Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Melting Temperatures

Abstract Stereoregular polybutadienes, of both high trans and high cis contents, were isomerized to provide polymers of varying cis-trans content. These isomerizates were used to study structural effects on physical properties. The isomerizations were carried out under photosensitized conditions in benzene solution at 25° C. The reaction was controlled to deliver polymers over the range 0–95 per cent trans content. This range was selected to provide crystalline and semicrystalline polymers whose structures could be examined in terms of sequencing or blocking by established x-ray techniques. Isomer contents were measured accurately by infrared traces. Isomerizations reached an equilibrium of 77 per cent trans regardless of whether the reaction started with high trans or high cis polybutadienes. Intrinsic viscosity was found to increase regularly with trans content in conformity with the larger size of the trans unit. ηsp/c versus c relations were observed to give a complicated form and this subject was deferred for further study. Crystallinity decreased regularly with reduced trans content as the equilibrium of 77 per cent trans was approached. Continued isomerization at the point of equilibrium produced a completely amorphous polymer. The melting temperatures of the crystalline polymers were studied in detail by x-ray camera and counting techniques. These polymers exhibited two crystal forms. One form was stable up to 60° C and invariant with cis-trans content in the range 80–95 per cent trans. Below 80 per cent trans the melting point of this form decreased with further reduction in trans content. The melting temperature of the other crystal form was dependent on trans content and decreased with decreased trans content until it coincided with the melting temperature of the other form. The distributions of trans and cis units and sequences of them were calculated through construction of matrices of transition probabilities. Copolymer theory was invoked to calculate pseudo reactivity ratios for the trans and cis forms. The melting temperatures of the two crystals were found to follow the predicted curves for random copolymers, although not simultaneously. This behavior is discussed. The crystallinity of the isomerizates of high trans content was found to be similar to block copolymers in spite of the fact that the method of their preparation would require that they be characterized as random. The importance of a crystal transition in this case is stressed along with the general effects due to the amount and type of the noncrystallizable unit.

Electron microscopy of crystalline structure in thermotropic random copolymers

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1054-1055
Author(s):  
Afzana Anwer ◽  
S. Eilidh Bedford ◽  
Richard J. Spontak ◽  
Alan H. Windle
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Identical Monomer ◽  
Periodic Layer

Random copolyesters composed of wholly aromatic monomers such as p-oxybenzoate (B) and 2,6-oxynaphthoate (N) are known to exhibit liquid crystalline characteristics at elevated temperatures and over a broad composition range. Previous studies employing techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have conclusively proven that these thermotropic copolymers can possess a significant crystalline fraction, depending on molecular characteristics and processing history, despite the fact that the copolymer chains possess random intramolecular sequencing. Consequently, the nature of the crystalline structure that develops when these materials are processed in their mesophases and subsequently annealed has recently received considerable attention. A model that has been consistent with all experimental observations involves the Non-Periodic Layer (NPL) crystallite, which occurs when identical monomer sequences enter into register between adjacent chains. The objective of this work is to employ electron microscopy to identify and characterize these crystallites.

scholarly journals Born out of Fire and Ice: Polymorph Studies of the Antiviral Famciclovir

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Liana Vella-Zarb ◽  
Ulrich Baisch
Keyword(s):  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Crystalline Forms

There is much interest and focus on solid forms of famciclovir. However, in spite of the abundance of reported differences in oral bioavailability, compressibility, and other physical–chemical properties of the various crystal forms of this drug, very little precise structural analysis is available in the literature to date. The form used in the commercial formulation is the anhydrous form I. Patents and patent applications report three different anhydrous crystalline forms on the basis of unindexed powder diffraction patterns. Single-crystal and variable-temperature X-ray diffraction experiments using the commercially available anhydrous form of famciclovir were carried out and led not only to the crystal structure determination of the anhydrous form I, but also to discovery of a new crystal form of anhydrous famciclovir from powder data.

Scattering and phase-contrast X-ray methods reveal damage to glass fibers in endodontic posts following dental bur trimming

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Prates Soares ◽  
Daniel Baum ◽  
Bernhard Hesse ◽  
Andreas Kupsch ◽  
Bernd R. Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ray Methods

Chalkogenolat-Ionen und ihre Derivate, V Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von 2.8-Dimethyldibenzo [c.g] [1.2.5.6] tetrathiacyclooktadien, einem Oxidationsprodukt von 4-Methylbenzol-1.2-dithiol/Chalcogenolates and their Derivatives, V Crystal and Molecular Structure of 2.8-Dimethyldibenzo[c,g][1,2,5,6]tetrathiaocin, an Oxidation Product of 4-Methylbenzene-1,2-dithiol

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Kopf ◽  
Klaus von Deuten ◽  
Bahman Nakhdjavan ◽  
Günter Klar
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Dihedral Angle ◽  
Oxidation Product ◽  
Crystal And Molecular Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ray Methods ◽  
Anti Form

Abstract The structure of 2,8-dimethyldibenzo[c,g][1,2,5,6]tetrathiaocin (1b) has been determined by X-ray methods and discussed in connection with the preferred conformations of diaryl disulfides. The compound has the anti-form I. The SS-distance is 205.8 pm, the mean CSS-angle 104.1°, and the CSS/SSC-dihedral angle 111.1°.

Structure and properties of polypropylene/organic rectorite nanocomposites

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Huang ◽  
Xiaoyan Ma ◽  
Guozheng Liang ◽  
Hongxia Yan
Keyword(s):  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Monoclinic Crystal ◽  
X Ray

AbstractMelt blending using a twin-screw extruder was used to prepare composites of polypropylene (PP)/organic rectorite (PR). The organic rectorite (OREC) was modified with dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (1227). Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the dispersion of OREC in the composites. The d spacings of OREC in PR composites was greater than in OREC itself. The dispersion of OREC particles in the PP polymer matrix was fine and uniform when the clay content was small (2 wt.%). The rheology was characterized using a capillary rheometer. The processing behaviour of the PR system improved as the amount of OREC added increased. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry. It was shown that the addition of OREC had a heterogeneous nucleation effect on PP, and can accelerate the crystallization. However, only when fine dispersion was achieved, and at lower rates of temperature decrease, was the crystallinity greater. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy were used to observe the crystalline form and crystallite size. The PP in the PR composites exhibited an a-monoclinic crystal form, as in pure PP, and in both cases a spherulite structure was observed. However, the smaller spherulite size in the PR systems indicated that addition of OREC can reduce the crystal size significantly, which might improve the ‘toughness’ of the PP. The mechanical properties (tensile and impact strength) improved when the amount of OREC added was appropriate. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) of the nanocomposites were somewhat greater than those of pure PP when an appropriate amount of OREC was added. Finally, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the PR systems exhibited a greater thermal stability than was seen with pure PP.

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