The relationship of criminal victimization, police per capita and population density in twenty-six cities

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Shichor ◽  
David L. Decker ◽  
Robert M. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Criminal Victimization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Relationships of total COVID-19 cases and deaths with ten demographic, economic and social indicators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar Valev
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic And Social Indicators

AbstractThe statistical relationships of total COVID-19 Cases and Deaths per million populations in 45 countries, where 85.8% of the world’s population lives with 10 demographic, economic and social indicators were studied. Data for 28 May 2020 were used in the main calculations. The relationship of Deaths per million population and total Cases per million population is very close and reaches correlation coefficient R = 0.926. It is interesting that the close correlations were found of Cases and Deaths per 1 million with a purely economic index like GDP PPP per capita, where R = 0.687 and R = 0.660, respectively. Even more close correlations were found of Cases and Deaths per 1 million with a composite index HDI, where the correlation coefficients reach 0.724 and 0.680, respectively. The main reason for these paradoxical results is the underestimation of pandemic restrictions in the form of masks, social distance and disinfection in most of these countries. Other indicators (excluding Gini index and Population Density) also show statistically significant correlations with Cases and Deaths per 1 million with correlation coefficients from 0.432 to 0.634. The statistical significance of the found correlations determined using Student’s t-test was p <0.0001. Surprisingly, there was no statistically significant correlation between Cases and Deaths with Population Density. To check whether there is a change in the correlations with the development of the pandemic, a statistical analysis was made for four different dates – 9 April, 28 May, 7 August and 30 November 2020. It was found that the correlation coefficients of COVID-19 cases and Deaths with the rest indicators decrease during the pandemic.

scholarly journals The relationship of per capita gross national product to the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and other atopic diseases in children (ISAAC)

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair W Stewart ◽  
Ed A Mitchell ◽  
Neil Pearce ◽  
David P Strachan ◽  
Stephan K Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Gross National Product ◽  
National Product ◽  
Atopic Diseases ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of manipulating population density on the probability of den-sharing among common brushtail possums, and the implications for transmission of bovine tuberculosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Caley ◽  
N. J. Spencer ◽  
R. A. Cole ◽  
M. G. Efford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
A Site ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) act as a reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in New Zealand and the simultaneous sharing of dens may result in the transmission of Tb between possums. The effect of manipulating population density on the per capita probability of simultaneous den-sharing among possums was investigated at a site near Dunedin, New Zealand. Den characteristics that could affect the probability of simultaneous sharing were also investigated, though none were found to be significant. The daily probability of a possum sharing a den was estimated to be 0.07 for possums denning within uncontrolled areas of the study area. Den-sharing was most common between female pairs, though sharing was also recorded between male–female and male–male pairs. The highest number of possums recorded sharing a single den was four. Reducing population density significantly lowered the probability of possums simultaneously sharing dens within the study area, with greater than 60% reductions estimated to eliminate simultaneous den-sharing altogether. The relationship between the contact rate arising from den-sharing and population density was convex-down, rather than convex-up, as often hypothesised for animal–animal disease contact processes. The implications of simultaneous den-sharing for the transmission and control of bovine tuberculosis in brushtail possum populations are discussed.

scholarly journals Impact of Fiscal Deficit and Government Debt on Interest Rate in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Najia Shakir ◽  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Salim Ullah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The current study was conducted in the year 2014 in Pakistan to investigate the impact of fiscal deficit and government debt on the interest rate.  Data on selected macroeconomic variables like fiscal deficit, government debt, GDP per capita, money supply and volume of trade etc. from the year 1990 to 2012.  The study also has tried to find out that how the interest rate in the country is affected by the government debt and fiscal deficit. Augmented Dickey-Fuller test was run to address the stationary issue in the data, and then Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model test was run to check the relationship among the variables. Two models were set in the study. In the first model, the relationship of GDP per capita, money supply, total debt servicing and volume of trade showed a significant relationship with the fiscal deficit, while in the second model the relationship of inflation, fiscal deficit, money supply, government debt and public debt showed a significant relationship with the interest rate. Policy makers are advised to focus on the increase of DGP/Capita and export volume. In order to sustain the rate of inflation, the government may regulate the money supply and public borrowing.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Ekonomika ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 141-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidmantas Jankauskas ◽  
Janina Šeputienė
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Openness To Trade ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Economic literature recognizes three “deep determinants” of economic development: institutions, geography and openness to trade. Discussion in the literature focuses on what part of the income per capita variation can be explained by institutions, geography and openness to trade. The empirical results can’t offer a clear answer, but there is a broader agreement in the literature that institutions play a more important role than geography and openness to trade. What is unclear whether the institutions also can explain variation in per capita income across countries, in which institutional environment is to some degree similar..This article aims to explore and quantify the relationship of the income level with institutional environment, geography and openness to trade across countries, grouped according their institutional environment quality.The results reveal that extent to which the variation in GDP per capita can be associated with the quality of institutional environment differs a lot between good and bad institutional environment samples. The results in good institutional environment sample come in line with series of studies in which the strong and positive link between various measures of institutions and economic development was established and support primacy of institutions over openness to trade and geography. I In bad institutional environment sample, on the contrary,no evidence was found that institutions mean a lot in respect of differences in GDP per capita. These results should not be interpreted so as to mean that institutional environment is not important, rather the degree of “badness” makes no difference.

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