An EEG power index (eyes open vs. eyes closed) to differentiate Alzheimer's from vascular dementia and healthy ageing

Abstract This report examines spectrum-wide (1 to 100 Hz) differences in electroencephalogram (EEG) power between eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions in children. A high density (60 electrode) system was used to measure EEG power at 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11 years of age. Results showed spatial and frequency band differences as a function of age. Specifically, 1) the alpha peak shifts from 8 Hz at 4 years to 9 Hz at 11 years, 2) EC results in increased power at lower frequencies but decreased power at higher frequencies for all ages, 3) the sign change for the difference between EO and EC occurs in a narrow band of frequencies which changes across childhood, 4) at 4 and 5 years, EC increases lower frequency power most prominently over posterior regions; 5) in contrast, at all ages, EC decreases power above 30 Hz most prominently over anterior regions. These results extend previous findings to show EO/EC differences in higher frequencies and to the presence of developmental changes across childhood. This report demonstrates that the simple EO/EC task can provide important information about maturation of brain states and can be done with a very brief, minimal protocol.

Download Full-text

EEG differences between eyes-closed and eyes-open resting remain in healthy ageing

Biological Psychology ◽

10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.09.010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 129 ◽

pp. 293-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Robert J. Barry ◽

Frances M. De Blasio

Keyword(s):

Healthy Ageing ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Eyes Open

Download Full-text

An EEG Investigation of the Impact of Noise on Attention

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1731 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 779-780 ◽

pp. 1731-1736

Author(s):

Li Ho Tseng ◽

Ming Tai Cheng ◽

Shih Tsung Chen ◽

Jyi Faa Hwang ◽

Chia Ju Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Noise Exposure ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Phase Coherence ◽

Noisy Environment ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Eeg Power ◽

And Performance ◽

Coherence Estimation ◽

The Impact

During the past two decades, most researchers employed a questionnaire to characterize the effect of noise on psychosomatic responses. Developments in physiological techniques offer a non-invasive method for recording brain activity with electroencephalography (EEG). This method for assessing the impact of noise on attention is growing in popularity. The aim of this study was to investigate brain activity changes in response to noise exposure during attention-demanding tasks by using EEG power and phase coherence estimation. We hypothesized that brain rhythms could be affected by environmental stimuli and would be reflected in the EEG power and phase coherence. Nineteen healthy right-handed university students (mean age = 21.5 ± 2.0 years) participated in this study. The experiment comprised recording EEG data for participants in the following steps: rest with eyes closed (< 50 dBA), rest with eyes open, listening in a noisy environment (85 dBA), performance on an attention-demanding task in a quiet environment (< 50 dBA), and performance on an attention-demanding task in a noisy environment (85 dBA). Significant differences were observed between stages, and the participants performed more effectively in the quiet environment, where they showed higher rates of correct responses (p <.05). From the assessment of the EEG power and phase coherence estimation, the study demonstrated the following: (1) Alpha-2 (10-13 Hz) power and phase coherence decreased when participants shifted from closed eyes to open eyes, while theta power increased. (2) In contrast, during the noise exposure phase, whether during an attention-demanding task or not, beta (13-30 Hz) phase coherence decreased in the brain, but theta phase coherence was not affected compared to the results in the quiet environment. We suggest that the high frequency of neural synchronization is relevant for cognitive performance, and that participants at risk for selective attention are affected by noise exposure.

Download Full-text

FUNCTIONAL NEUROMARKERS OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN VASCULAR DEMENTIA: A CASE STUDY

Acta Neuropsychologica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.2745 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 313-325

Author(s):

Marzena Supińska ◽

Jolanta Górla-Półrola ◽

Ksenia Cielebąk ◽

Izabela Herman-Sucharska ◽

Juri D. Kropotov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Vascular Dementia ◽

Early Stage ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Related Potentials ◽

The Subject ◽

Neuropathological Criteria

Early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in patients with Vascular Dementia (VaD) have become vital in clinical practice, as disease modifying treatments for VaD become available. The goal of our research was to study cognitive impairment in a patient at an early stage of VaD. We evaluated latencies of the P3 GO and NOGO components of event-related potentials (ERPs), elicited in cued GO/NOGO tasks, as potential neuromarkers of cognitive im- pairment, as suggested by previous research. The patient, a right-handed, 53-year-old male with a college edu- cation, suffered a transient ischemic attack (TIA) in 2011. During this attack, which lasted for a few minutes, he was confused and had trouble speaking, trouble seeing in both eyes, difficulty walking, problems with balance and coordination, and strange behavior. Se - ven years later, in 2018, he was assessed using the HBI methodol- ogy, which consisted of recording (1) a 19-channel EEG in resting state (with eyes open and eyes closed), and (2) a cued GO/NOGO task, and then comparing the results with EEG spectra and Event- Related Potentials (ERPs) data from normative and patient data - bases. The patient died in 2019. Post-mortem studies confirmed cortical microhaemorrhages neuropathological criteria for VaD. We did not found deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau (HPτ) and Aβ, which fulfil the neuropathological criteria for AD. The parietal-temporal-occipital EEG power was significantly higher in all conditions in this subject in comparison to healthy controls, indicating idling of the corresponding areas. The amplitude and la- tency of the P3 GO wave were found to be intact in the subject, in- dicating normal posterior cortical functioning in the cognitive task. The latency of the P3 GO wave was found to be significantly higher in the subject, indicating impairment of engagement operations. In a GO/NOGO task, ERPs provide a useful tool for assessment of brain functioning in clinical settings.

Download Full-text

A systematic review and meta-analysis on efficacy of exercise on posture and balance in patients suffering from Diabetic Neuropathy

Current Diabetes Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573399816666200703190437 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Neerja Thukral ◽

Jaspreet Kaur ◽

Manoj Malik

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Neuropathy ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Berg Balance Scale ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

Core Stability ◽

Balance Scale ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Eyes Open

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a major and chronic complication of diabetes mellitus affecting more than 50% of patients suffering from diabetes. There is involvement of both large and small diameter nerve fibres leading to altered somatosensory and motor sensations, thereby causing impaired balance and postural instability. Objective: To assess the effects of exercises on posture and balance in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Method: Mean changes in Timed Up and Go test(TUGT), Berg Balance Scale and Postural Sway with eyes open and eyes closed on Balance System were primary outcome measures. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analyses. Eighteen randomized controlled trials met the selection criteria and were included in the study. All the studies ranked high on PEDro Rating scale. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane collaboration tool of risk of bias. Included studies had low risk of bias. Sixteen RCT’s were included for the meta-analysis. Result: Results of meta-analysis showed that there was statistically significant improvement in TUGT with p≤ 0.05 and substantial heterogeneity (I 2 = 84%, p < 0.00001) in experimental group as compared to control group. There was statistically significant difference in Berg Balance Scale scores and heterogeneity of I 2 = 62%, p < 0.00001 and significant changes in postural stability (eyes open heterogeneity of I 2 = 100%, p =0.01 and eyes closed, heteogeneity I 2 = 0%, p =0.01). Sensitivity analysis causes change in heterogeneity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that various exercises like balance training, core stability, Tai-Chi, proprioceptive training etc. have a significant effect in improving balance and posture in diabetic neuropathy.

Download Full-text

Gender Differences in Postural Stability among 13-Year-Old Alpine Skiers

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17113859 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 3859 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Agnieszka D. Jastrzębska

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Postural Balance ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Body Sway ◽

Foot Pressure ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Before And After ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Alpine Skiers

This experiment examined changes in body sway after Wingate test (WAnT) in 19 adolescents practicing alpine skiing, subjected to the same type of training load for 4–5 years (10 girls and nine boys). The postural examinations were performed with eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC), and sway reverenced vision (SRV) in the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) planes. The displacement of center of foot pressure (CoP), range of sway (RS), mean sway velocity (MV), way length, and surface area were measured in bipedal upright stance before and after the WAnT to assess the influence of fatigue on postural balance. There were no significant differences in WAnT parameters between girls and boys. Relative peak power (RPP), relative total work (RWtot) were (girls vs. boys) 8.89 ± 0.70 vs. 9.57 ± 1.22 W/kg, p < 0.05 and 227.91 ± 14.98 vs. 243.22 ± 30.24 W/kg, p < 0.05 respectively. The fatigue index (FI) was also on similar level in both genders; however, blood lactate concentration (BLa) was significantly higher in boys (10.35 ± 1.16 mM) than in girls (8.67 ± 1.35 mM) p = 0.007. In the EO examination, statistically significant differences between resting and fatigue conditions in the whole group and after the division into girls and boys were found. In fatigue conditions, significant gender differences were noted for measurements in the ML plane (sway path and RS) and RS in the AP plane. Comparison of the three conditions shows differences between EO vs. EC and SRV in AP plane measured parameters, and for RS in ML plane in rest condition in girls. The strong correlations between FI and CoP parameters mainly in ML plane in the whole group for all examination conditions were noted. By genders, mainly RS in ML plane strongly correlates with FI (r > 0.7). No correlation was found between BLa and CoP parameters (p > 0.06). The presented results indicate that subjecting adolescents of both genders to the same training may reduce gender differences in the postural balance ability at rest but not in fatigue conditions and that girls are significantly superior in postural balance in the ML plane than boys. It was also shown that too little or too much information may be destructive to postural balance in young adolescents.

Download Full-text

The effect of congenital blindness on resting-state functional connectivity revisited

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91976-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria J. S. Guerreiro ◽

Madita Linke ◽

Sunitha Lingareddy ◽

Ramesh Kekunnaya ◽

Brigitte Röder

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Resting State ◽

Visual Experience ◽

Brain Regions ◽

State Condition ◽

Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽

Congenital Blindness ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Congenitally Blind ◽

Eyes Open

AbstractLower resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between ‘visual’ and non-‘visual’ neural circuits has been reported as a hallmark of congenital blindness. In sighted individuals, RSFC between visual and non-visual brain regions has been shown to increase during rest with eyes closed relative to rest with eyes open. To determine the role of visual experience on the modulation of RSFC by resting state condition—as well as to evaluate the effect of resting state condition on group differences in RSFC—, we compared RSFC between visual and somatosensory/auditory regions in congenitally blind individuals (n = 9) and sighted participants (n = 9) during eyes open and eyes closed conditions. In the sighted group, we replicated the increase of RSFC between visual and non-visual areas during rest with eyes closed relative to rest with eyes open. This was not the case in the congenitally blind group, resulting in a lower RSFC between ‘visual’ and non-‘visual’ circuits relative to sighted controls only in the eyes closed condition. These results indicate that visual experience is necessary for the modulation of RSFC by resting state condition and highlight the importance of considering whether sighted controls should be tested with eyes open or closed in studies of functional brain reorganization as a consequence of blindness.

Download Full-text

Gait Stability Measurement by Using Average Entropy

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23040412 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 412

Author(s):

Han-Ping Huang ◽

Chang Francis Hsu ◽

Yi-Chih Mao ◽

Long Hsu ◽

Sien Chi

Keyword(s):

Postural Stability ◽

Multiscale Entropy ◽

Gait Stability ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Stride Interval ◽

Step Interval ◽

Stability Measurement ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Two Measures ◽

Better Than

Gait stability has been measured by using many entropy-based methods. However, the relation between the entropy values and gait stability is worth further investigation. A research reported that average entropy (AE), a measure of disorder, could measure the static standing postural stability better than multiscale entropy and entropy of entropy (EoE), two measures of complexity. This study tested the validity of AE in gait stability measurement from the viewpoint of the disorder. For comparison, another five disorders, the EoE, and two traditional metrics methods were, respectively, used to measure the degrees of disorder and complexity of 10 step interval (SPI) and 79 stride interval (SI) time series, individually. As a result, every one of the 10 participants exhibited a relatively high AE value of the SPI when walking with eyes closed and a relatively low AE value when walking with eyes open. Most of the AE values of the SI of the 53 diseased subjects were greater than those of the 26 healthy subjects. A maximal overall accuracy of AE in differentiating the healthy from the diseased was 91.1%. Similar features also exists on those 5 disorder measurements but do not exist on the EoE values. Nevertheless, the EoE versus AE plot of the SI also exhibits an inverted U relation, consistent with the hypothesis for physiologic signals.

Download Full-text

EEG Data Quality: Determinants and Impact in a Multicenter Study of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11020214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 214

Author(s):

Anna Kaiser ◽

Pascal-M. Aggensteiner ◽

Martin Holtmann ◽

Andreas Fallgatter ◽

Marcel Romanos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Quality ◽

Large Scale ◽

Linear Models ◽

Spectral Power ◽

Control Group ◽

Continuous Performance Task ◽

Related Data ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Eeg Data ◽

Eyes Open

Electroencephalography (EEG) represents a widely established method for assessing altered and typically developing brain function. However, systematic studies on EEG data quality, its correlates, and consequences are scarce. To address this research gap, the current study focused on the percentage of artifact-free segments after standard EEG pre-processing as a data quality index. We analyzed participant-related and methodological influences, and validity by replicating landmark EEG effects. Further, effects of data quality on spectral power analyses beyond participant-related characteristics were explored. EEG data from a multicenter ADHD-cohort (age range 6 to 45 years), and a non-ADHD school-age control group were analyzed (ntotal = 305). Resting-state data during eyes open, and eyes closed conditions, and task-related data during a cued Continuous Performance Task (CPT) were collected. After pre-processing, general linear models, and stepwise regression models were fitted to the data. We found that EEG data quality was strongly related to demographic characteristics, but not to methodological factors. We were able to replicate maturational, task, and ADHD effects reported in the EEG literature, establishing a link with EEG-landmark effects. Furthermore, we showed that poor data quality significantly increases spectral power beyond effects of maturation and symptom severity. Taken together, the current results indicate that with a careful design and systematic quality control, informative large-scale multicenter trials characterizing neurophysiological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders across the lifespan are feasible. Nevertheless, results are restricted to the limitations reported. Future work will clarify predictive value.

Download Full-text