Free-proton lasers based on high energy accelerators as high power, high efficiency cm to X-ray machines

1994 ◽  
Vol 341 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Bessonov
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Free Proton ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Monte Carlo Modeling and Design of Photon Energy Attenuation Layers for >10× Quantum Yield Enhancement in Si-Based Hard X-ray Detectors

Instruments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Eldred Lee ◽  
Kaitlin M. Anagnost ◽  
Zhehui Wang ◽  
Michael R. James ◽  
Eric R. Fossum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Photon Energy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

High-energy (>20 keV) X-ray photon detection at high quantum yield, high spatial resolution, and short response time has long been an important area of study in physics. Scintillation is a prevalent method but limited in various ways. Directly detecting high-energy X-ray photons has been a challenge to this day, mainly due to low photon-to-photoelectron conversion efficiencies. Commercially available state-of-the-art Si direct detection products such as the Si charge-coupled device (CCD) are inefficient for >10 keV photons. Here, we present Monte Carlo simulation results and analyses to introduce a highly effective yet simple high-energy X-ray detection concept with significantly enhanced photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies composed of two layers: a top high-Z photon energy attenuation layer (PAL) and a bottom Si detector. We use the principle of photon energy down conversion, where high-energy X-ray photon energies are attenuated down to ≤10 keV via inelastic scattering suitable for efficient photoelectric absorption by Si. Our Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate that a 10–30× increase in quantum yield can be achieved using PbTe PAL on Si, potentially advancing high-resolution, high-efficiency X-ray detection using PAL-enhanced Si CMOS image sensors.

scholarly journals Combination of Dual-Energy X-ray Transmission and Variable Gas-Ejection for the In-Line Automatic Sorting of Many Types of Scrap in One Measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4349
Author(s):  
Tianzhong Xiong ◽  
Wenhua Ye ◽  
Xiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Flow Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Automatic Sorting

As an important part of pretreatment before recycling, sorting has a great impact on the quality, efficiency, cost and difficulty of recycling. In this paper, dual-energy X-ray transmission (DE-XRT) combined with variable gas-ejection is used to improve the quality and efficiency of in-line automatic sorting of waste non-ferrous metals. A method was proposed to judge the sorting ability, identify the types, and calculate the mass and center-of-gravity coordinates according to the shading of low-energy, the line scan direction coordinate and transparency natural logarithm ratio of low energy to high energy (R_value). The material identification was satisfied by the nearest neighbor algorithm of effective points in the material range to the R_value calibration surface. The flow-process of identification was also presented. Based on the thickness of the calibration surface, the material mass and center-of-gravity coordinates were calculated. The feasibility of controlling material falling points by variable gas-ejection was analyzed. The experimental verification of self-made materials showed that identification accuracy by count basis was 85%, mass and center-of-gravity coordinates calculation errors were both below 5%. The method proposed features high accuracy, high efficiency, and low operation cost and is of great application value even to other solid waste sorting, such as plastics, glass and ceramics.

How to efficiently utilize electrode materials in supercapattery?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 1830005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunfeng Chen ◽  
Dongfeng Xue
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
Electrode Material ◽  
Redox Reaction ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Storage System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Charging Time

Theoretical stored capacity of one electrode material is decided by their thermodynamics factors, which can be achieved only when electrode materials fully react at quite long charging time. In order to store large quantities of charges in short charging time, high-efficiency utilization of electrode materials becomes more and more important. Both fast ionic and electronic transports represent the fundamental factor for high-efficiency utilization of electrode materials. Supercapattery, showing both high power density and high energy density, includes supercapattery-type electrode materials, leading to fast redox reaction. This paper focuses on the structure design of supercapattery-type electrode materials and electrode to satisfy dynamic demand for fast redox reaction of one electrode material. The use of redox active cations and the construction of active colloidal supercapatteries are described. This work will give enlightenment to design electrochemical energy storage system for high-power and high energy applications.

Development of a Novel Instrument for X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction and Holography

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideshi Ishii ◽  
Susumu Shiraki ◽  
Keiji Tamura ◽  
Wei-Guo Chu ◽  
Masanori Owari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photoelectron Diffraction ◽  
Laboratory Instrument ◽  
Spectrometer System

For X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPED) and holography measurements we developed a novel laboratory instrument with the multienergy high power X-ray source and the high energy and high angular resolution photoelectron spectrometer system. The photon intensities of Al–Kα, Cr–Lα and Cu–Kα were estimated at 4.6 × 1011 cps, 7.5 × 1010 cps and 7.2 × 1010 cps, respectively. Ag3d XPS also revealed that the energy resolutions of Al–Kα and Cr–Lα sources were 0.9 eV and 3.1 eV, respectively. XPS and XPED of h-BN/Ni(111) excited by Al–Kα and Cr–Lα elucidated the potential and the validity of the XPED and holography analysis by using this novel instrument. Cu–Kα excitation XPS and Ti1s XPED measurements of the SrTiO3 (001) surface have also been performed.

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