scholarly journals Combination of Dual-Energy X-ray Transmission and Variable Gas-Ejection for the In-Line Automatic Sorting of Many Types of Scrap in One Measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4349
Author(s):  
Tianzhong Xiong ◽  
Wenhua Ye ◽  
Xiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Flow Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Automatic Sorting

As an important part of pretreatment before recycling, sorting has a great impact on the quality, efficiency, cost and difficulty of recycling. In this paper, dual-energy X-ray transmission (DE-XRT) combined with variable gas-ejection is used to improve the quality and efficiency of in-line automatic sorting of waste non-ferrous metals. A method was proposed to judge the sorting ability, identify the types, and calculate the mass and center-of-gravity coordinates according to the shading of low-energy, the line scan direction coordinate and transparency natural logarithm ratio of low energy to high energy (R_value). The material identification was satisfied by the nearest neighbor algorithm of effective points in the material range to the R_value calibration surface. The flow-process of identification was also presented. Based on the thickness of the calibration surface, the material mass and center-of-gravity coordinates were calculated. The feasibility of controlling material falling points by variable gas-ejection was analyzed. The experimental verification of self-made materials showed that identification accuracy by count basis was 85%, mass and center-of-gravity coordinates calculation errors were both below 5%. The method proposed features high accuracy, high efficiency, and low operation cost and is of great application value even to other solid waste sorting, such as plastics, glass and ceramics.

scholarly journals Monte Carlo Modeling and Design of Photon Energy Attenuation Layers for >10× Quantum Yield Enhancement in Si-Based Hard X-ray Detectors

Instruments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Eldred Lee ◽  
Kaitlin M. Anagnost ◽  
Zhehui Wang ◽  
Michael R. James ◽  
Eric R. Fossum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Photon Energy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

High-energy (>20 keV) X-ray photon detection at high quantum yield, high spatial resolution, and short response time has long been an important area of study in physics. Scintillation is a prevalent method but limited in various ways. Directly detecting high-energy X-ray photons has been a challenge to this day, mainly due to low photon-to-photoelectron conversion efficiencies. Commercially available state-of-the-art Si direct detection products such as the Si charge-coupled device (CCD) are inefficient for >10 keV photons. Here, we present Monte Carlo simulation results and analyses to introduce a highly effective yet simple high-energy X-ray detection concept with significantly enhanced photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies composed of two layers: a top high-Z photon energy attenuation layer (PAL) and a bottom Si detector. We use the principle of photon energy down conversion, where high-energy X-ray photon energies are attenuated down to ≤10 keV via inelastic scattering suitable for efficient photoelectric absorption by Si. Our Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate that a 10–30× increase in quantum yield can be achieved using PbTe PAL on Si, potentially advancing high-resolution, high-efficiency X-ray detection using PAL-enhanced Si CMOS image sensors.

Epitaxial growth of BaO and SrO with new crystal structures using mass-separated low-energy O+ beams

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryusuke Kita ◽  
Takashi Hase ◽  
Hiromi Takahashi ◽  
Kenichi Kawaguchi ◽  
Tadataka Morishita
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Constant ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Diffraction Reflection ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
Bulk Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cubic Structure

The growth of BaO and SrO on SrTiO3(100) substrates using mass-separated low-energy (50 eV) O+ beams has been studied using x-ray diffraction, reflection high-energy electron diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the BaO and SrO films have been epitaxially grown with new structures different from those of corresponding bulk crystals: The BaO films have a cubic structure with a lattice constant of 4.0 Å, and the SrO films have a tetragonal structure with a lattice constant of a = 3.7 Å parallel to the substrate and with c = 4.0 Å normal to the substrate.

Computed Tomography Experiments on a Laboratory Multipurpose Diffractometer

2017 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 666-670
Author(s):  
Natalia Dadivanyan ◽  
Detlev J. Götz ◽  
Detlef Beckers ◽  
Fabio Masiello
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Heavy Element ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Energy Application ◽  
Solid Compounds ◽  
3D Information

Applications of soft (Co and Cu X-ray tube) and hard (Ag X-ray tube) radiation in computed tomography experiments on a laboratory X-ray diffractometer are presented. Using low energy (<10 keV) X-ray sources provide the possibility to investigate objects made of light (organic) materials in more detail compared to the high energy application. In case of metal or heavy element containing composites high energy (~20 keV) X-ray sources allow to obtain full 3D information on the samples without destroying them. These measurements allow both qualitative and quantitative analysis of porous materials, samples with oriented components, and solid compounds.

scholarly journals Symmetric and triangle-shaped variability of blazars

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (S313) ◽  
pp. 97-98
Author(s):  
Kenji Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Energy Electrons ◽  
Flux Variability ◽  
Low Energy Electrons ◽  
Flux Increase ◽  
Rise Phase

AbstractSymmetric and triangle-shaped flux variability in X-ray and gamma-ray light curves is observed from many blazars. We derived the X-ray spectrum changing in time by using a kinetic equation of high energy electrons. Giving linearly changing the injection of low energy electrons into accelerating and emitting region, we obtained the preliminary results that represent the characteristic X-ray variability of the linear flux increase with hardening in the rise phase and the linear decrease with softening in the decay phase.

scholarly journals Quality Improvement of Dual-Energy Lung Perfusion Image by Reduction of Low-Energy X-Ray Spectrum: An Evaluation on Clinical Images

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 593-597
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kawai ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ozawa ◽  
Masaki Ogawa ◽  
Kazuya Ohashi ◽  
Kazushi Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Lung Perfusion ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Perfusion Image ◽  
Clinical Images ◽  
X Ray

EGRET Limits on High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from X-Ray-- and Low-Energy Gamma-Ray--selected Seyfert Galaxies

1993 ◽  
Vol 416 ◽  
pp. L53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Lin ◽  
D. L. Bertsch ◽  
B. L. Dingus ◽  
C. E. Fichtel ◽  
R. C. Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Seyfert Galaxies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Energy Gamma ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
Gamma Ray Emission

scholarly journals Improving EDS For Low Energy X-Rays Under 1000eV Using an Attachable Detector Optic

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
David O’Hara ◽  
Greg Brown ◽  
Eric Lochner
Keyword(s):  
Dead Time ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Ray Optics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Optics Fabrication ◽  
Made In

Although considerable advances have been made in Energy Dispersive Detectors for microanalysis, low energy analysis under 1000eV is still relatively poor due to detector response and inefficient production of low energy x-rays. X-ray optics fabrication methods by O’Hara and measurements by McCarthy et. al. indicated that it should be possible to fabricate x-ray optics that could be used to significantly increase the low energy x-ray flux seen by an EDS detector without increasing the beam current. Such an optic would be useful to increase low energy counts without moving the detector closer, which would simply increase the high energy counts and dead time.

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