The effects of artificial solar radiation on wind-stressed tufted titmice (Parus bicolor) and Carolina chickadees (Parus carolinensis) at low temperatures

<p>This research is a general reflection of the possible transmission not only of COVID-19 but of any influenza disease depending on environmental parameters such as solar radiation, air humidity and air temperature (vapor pressure deficit), evoking the Penman-Monteith model regarding the evaporation of the water that constitutes the small water droplets (aerosols) that carry the virus. In this case the evapotranspiration demand of the atmosphere with which it can be deduced that the spread of the disease will be higher in those places with less evaporative demand, that is, high air humidity and / or low temperatures, and / or low radiation intensities, and vice versa. It can also be deduced that the hours of greatest potential contagion are the night hours, while those with the lowest risk are between 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. On the other hand, in those rooms with low temperatures the contagion would be more effective. So, considering that the drops produced by a sneeze, by speaking or breathing can go beyond two meters away, it is roughly explained that the use of face masks and keeping a safe minimum distance of two meters can limit transmission of viruses and / or infections. However, this practice is not entirely safe as the environment can play an important role. What is recommended to reduce the spread of these pathogens is to produce high evaporative demands: increasing solar radiation, and increasing air temperature and reducing air humidity, which is practice that can be effective in closed rooms.</p>

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The Role of Pitch Cues in Song Recognition By Carolina Chickadees (Parus Carolinensis)

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853994x00109 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 130 (1-2) ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Bernard Lohr ◽

Ronald Weisman ◽

Stephen Nowicki

Keyword(s):

Song Recognition ◽

Parus Carolinensis ◽

Carolina Chickadees

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ACCUMULATION BEHAVIOUR OF ALLANTOIN IN THE UNDERGROUND PHYTOMASS OF THE BORAGINACEAE FAMILY AND ITS ROLE IN ADAPTING THE PLANTS TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

South of Russia ecology development ◽

10.18470/1992-1098-2019-1-126-136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 126-136

Author(s):

A. Ya. Tamakhina ◽

A. A. Akhkubekova ◽

A. B. Ittiev

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Sea Level ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

High Performance ◽

Growing Season ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Adaptation To Stress ◽

Plant Adaptation ◽

The Family

Aim.The aim of the work described herein was to study the dynamics of allantoin accumulation in the underground phytomass ofEchium vulgareL.,Symphytum caucasicumM. Bieb. andS. asperumLepech. as well as to clarify the role of allantoin in plant adaptation to stress factors.Methods.We studied the roots of plants growing in the foothill (Nalchik, 490–512 m above sea level) and the mountain zones of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Terskol village, 2530 m above sea level; Verkhnyaya Balkaria village, 2680 m above sea level). The roots were collected at the stages of rosetting, flowering, fruiting and at the end of the growing season. Aqueous-alcoholic extracts of shredded roots were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results.The highest content of allantoin in the roots ofEchium vulgare,Symphytum caucasicum,S. asperumplants was noted at the end of the growing season, respectively 0.915; 0.342–0.658; 2,842–3,426%. Under conditions of low temperatures and increased solar radiation, the content of allantoin in the roots increases 1.2–1.9 times as compared with the plants of the foothill zone.Conclusion.Allantoin plays an important role in the process of adapting species of the family Boraginaceae to oxidative stress caused by hypothermia and increased solar radiation.

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Pig behaviour in relation to weather conditions – a review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.1515/aoas-2015-0024 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 601-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Katarzyna Olczak ◽

Jacek Nowicki ◽

Czesław Klocek

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Wild Pigs ◽

Resting Behaviour ◽

Wide Range ◽

Characteristic Behaviour

Abstract Weather conditions (temperature, humidity, solar radiation, air pressure, wind strength, wind direction and precipitation) have a significant impact on the behaviour of farm animals. Pigs have developed a wide range of thermoregulatory behaviours that are particular for this species. With increases in temperature the most characteristic behaviour for pigs is decreased activity and increased wallowing in wet surfaces. In addition to this, rooting and wallowing are highly influenced by temperature and humidity. The lack of possibility to express these behaviours leads to development of stereotypies. Interestingly, low temperatures do not increase the use of shelter if not in combination with wind or precipitation. Furthermore, wild pigs build stronger nests in severe conditions. Also, resting behaviour and reproduction may be disturbed by high temperatures. There is a negative impact of foehn wind on boars’ libido and semen parameters.

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Age Hardening of Snow at the South Pole

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000028069 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 4 (35) ◽

pp. 521-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Anthony J. Gow ◽

René O. Ramseier

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Thin Section ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Age Hardening ◽

South Pole ◽

The South ◽

Hardening Process ◽

Snow Particle

The age hardening of artificially and naturally compacted snow has been investigated at the South Pole. Results show that the age-hardening process is greatly retarded at low temperatures. Artificially compacted samples of density 0.55 g./cm.3 attained a compressive strength of less than 3.0 kg./cm.2 after one year’s ageing at −49° C. Exposure to solar radiation accelerated the age hardening. Irradiated samples attained a strength of 6.0 kg./cm.2 after 100 hr., increasing to a virtual maximum of 8.0 kg./cm.2 at the end of 600 hr. Compressive strengths increased with decrease in snow-particle size and with increasing angularity of the particles. Below 3 m. the strength of naturally compacted snow was found to increase rapidly with increase in density. Naturally compacted snow of density 0.55 g./cm.3 possessed considerably greater strength than any of the age-hardened samples of artificially compacted snow of the same density. Thin-section studies show that age hardening can be correlated with the formation and growth of intergranular bonds, and that bond growth falls off rapidly with decreasing temperature. In view of the low strengths found in both naturally compacted snows near the surface and in artificially compacted snow at the South Pole, “cut-and-cover” under-snow camp construction may not prove too practical at the South Pole.

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LOW COST ALTERNATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR WITH ABSORPTION SURFACE FORMED BY PVC TUBES

Revista de Engenharia Térmica ◽

10.5380/reterm.v6i1.61818 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

L. G. M. Souza ◽

R. D. Santos ◽

H. J. L. Neto

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Solar Collector ◽

Low Cost ◽

Glass Wool ◽

Thermal Isolation ◽

New Model ◽

Conventional Systems ◽

Multiple Units ◽

Water Exit

A no conventional new model of solar collector is presented, composed for multiple units of PVC tubes in parallel to absorb solar radiation, through a new model of linking between same and the pipes of admission and water exit. The collector’s box is made with a composite of matrix ceramic and coated with resin, propitiating the elimination of the thermal isolation, usually glass wool. The collector is composed of only three elements: the box, the absorb grid and glass. It will board constructive aspects, demonstrating the easiness to manufacture such archetype that is characterized for presenting a cost of manufacture sufficiently reduced. It will be presented values of thermal parameters of the collectors, working in regimen of thermosiphon in a volume of water in the order of 250 liters (66.03 gallons). One will demonstrate the thermal, economic and the materials viability of this collector, enabling it to serve as another option to the conventional systems of market heating, mainly to the attainment of low temperatures.

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Age Hardening of Snow at the South Pole

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s0022143000028069 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 4 (35) ◽

pp. 521-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anthony J. Gow ◽

René O. Ramseier

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Thin Section ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Age Hardening ◽

South Pole ◽

The South ◽

Hardening Process ◽

Snow Particle

The age hardening of artificially and naturally compacted snow has been investigated at the South Pole. Results show that the age-hardening process is greatly retarded at low temperatures. Artificially compacted samples of density 0.55 g./cm.3 attained a compressive strength of less than 3.0 kg./cm.2 after one year’s ageing at −49° C. Exposure to solar radiation accelerated the age hardening. Irradiated samples attained a strength of 6.0 kg./cm.2 after 100 hr., increasing to a virtual maximum of 8.0 kg./cm.2 at the end of 600 hr. Compressive strengths increased with decrease in snow-particle size and with increasing angularity of the particles. Below 3 m. the strength of naturally compacted snow was found to increase rapidly with increase in density. Naturally compacted snow of density 0.55 g./cm.3 possessed considerably greater strength than any of the age-hardened samples of artificially compacted snow of the same density. Thin-section studies show that age hardening can be correlated with the formation and growth of intergranular bonds, and that bond growth falls off rapidly with decreasing temperature. In view of the low strengths found in both naturally compacted snows near the surface and in artificially compacted snow at the South Pole, “cut-and-cover” under-snow camp construction may not prove too practical at the South Pole.

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Effects of feeding height and distance from protective cover on the foraging behavior of wintering birds

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z05-079 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (6) ◽

pp. 880-890 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ya-Fu Lee ◽

Yen-Min Kuo ◽

Eric K Bollinger

Keyword(s):

Foraging Behavior ◽

Risk Avoidance ◽

Mixed Species ◽

Feeding Efficiency ◽

Parus Carolinensis ◽

Parus Bicolor ◽

Protective Cover ◽

Number Of Visits ◽

Set Up ◽

Open Fields

Foraging behavior that balances feeding efficiency with predation risk avoidance may be selected for; thus, foraging animals may choose among sites and achieve various giving-up densities under different feeding conditions. We compared the frequency and duration of visits and the feeding efficiency of a mixed-species wintering bird flock among feeders set up at three heights within woods, at the edge between woods and dense shrub, and in open fields to investigate the feeding height preference of birds and its relationship to the extent of openness of the sites. Carolina chickadees (Parus carolinensis Audubon, 1834) and tufted titmice (Parus bicolor L., 1766) accounted for 96% of the total number of visits to feeders and 95.9% of the total time spent on feeders. Birds tended to visit higher feeders and feeders in the woods and at edge sites more frequently than they visited lower feeders and feeders in open fields. Birds also spent more time on higher feeders and feeders in the woods and at edge sites than on lower feeders and feeders in open fields. However, the feeding height preference changed over the course of observations, and different patterns were observed at different sites. In the woods and at the edge, bird visits shifted to the lower feeders earlier; in contrast, birds preferred higher feeders throughout the period of observation in open fields. Feeding efficiency was lower at open sites than in woods and at edge sites, but birds spent the least time per seed on low feeders at open sites. Seeds on higher feeders and in woods or at edge sites were removed faster. Regardless of the height and locality of feeders, birds preferred energy-rich oil-type seeds over energy-poor striped seeds.

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Thermoregulatory Behavior of Eared Seals

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853973x00175 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 46 (1-2) ◽

pp. 73-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Roger L. Gentry

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Direct Access ◽

Thermoregulatory Behavior ◽

Sea Lion ◽

Sea Lions ◽

Fur Seals ◽

Fur Seal ◽

Access To Water

Abstract1. Thermoregulatory behavior was studied in the Steller sea lion and in the South Australian fur seal during their respective reproductive seasons. Data were gathered using a temperature-sampling technique. 2. The rest postures used by animals of both species were closely correlated with solar radiation (as indicated by rock temperatures). At low temperatures both species used postures that concealed the flippers, thus exposing a minimum of surface area to the air. In addition, sea lions huddled against one another at low temperatures, but fur seals did not. 3. No quantitative species differences existed in behavioral responses to low (10°C) rock temperatures. At intermediate temperatures both species progressively exposed their flippers to the air. At high temperatures (30°C and above) both species resorted to the water for cooling. Female sea lions became wet at temperatures 5°C lower than did fur seals. 4. Fur seal males without direct access to water temporarily abandoned their territories and went to sea at a mean rock temperature of 33°C (approximate solar radiation level between 0.666 and 1.073 cal./cm2/min.). 5. Mass movements of females from dry areas across the rookery to the water were temperature-dependent in both species. 6. The behavior of sea lion pups showed less of a direct correlation with temperatures than for their mothers. 7. The social consequences of thermoregulatory behavior were, 1) increased frequency and intensity of sexual investigation by males toward females, 2) an increase by 11% to 15% in aggression among males, and 3) a reduction (by one half) in copulation frequency for males that abandoned their territories to gain access to water for cooling.

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Interpretation of irradiation-induced changes in electron diffractograms and images of extinction contours at low temperatures

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111458 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 268-269

Author(s):

E. Knapek ◽

H. Formanek ◽

G. Lefranc ◽

I. Dietrich

Keyword(s):

Low Temperatures ◽

Carbon Films ◽

Organic Crystals ◽

Wide Spread ◽

Lens System ◽

Preparation Conditions ◽

Thin Carbon ◽

Electron Diffractograms ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Induced Changes

A few years ago results on cryoprotection of L-valine were reported, where the values of the critical fluence De i.e, the electron exposure which decreases the intensity of the diffraction reflections by a factor e, amounted to the order of 2000 + 1000 e/nm2. In the meantime a discrepancy arose, since several groups published De values between 100 e/nm2 and 1200 e/nm2 /1 - 4/. This disagreement and particularly the wide spread of the results induced us to investigate more thoroughly the behaviour of organic crystals at very low temperatures during electron irradiation.For this purpose large L-valine crystals with homogenuous thickness were deposited on holey carbon films, thin carbon films or Au-coated holey carbon films. These specimens were cooled down to nearly liquid helium temperature in an electron microscope with a superconducting lens system and irradiated with 200 keU-electrons. The progress of radiation damage under different preparation conditions has been observed with series of electron diffraction patterns and direct images of extinction contours.

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