New data on the strangeness enhancement in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 A GeV

Single units in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of unanesthetized decerebrate cats can be grouped into three distinct types (V, I, and O) according to the patterns of excitation and inhibition revealed in contralateral frequency response maps. This study extends the description of these response types by assessing their ipsilateral and binaural response map properties. Here the nature of ipsilateral inputs is evaluated directly using frequency response maps and compared with results obtained from methods that rely on sensitivity to interaural level differences (ILDs). In general, there is a one-to-one correspondence between observed ipsilateral input characteristics and those inferred from ILD manipulations. Type V units receive ipsilateral excitation and show binaural facilitation (EE properties); type I and type O units receive ipsilateral inhibition and show binaural excitatory/inhibitory (EI) interactions. Analyses of binaural frequency response maps show that these ILD effects extend over the entire receptive field of ICC units. Thus the range of frequencies that elicits excitation from type V units is expanded with increasing levels of ipsilateral stimulation, whereas the excitatory bandwidth of type I and O units decreases under the same binaural conditions. For the majority of ICC units, application of bicuculline, an antagonist for GABAA-mediated inhibition, does not alter the basic effects of binaural stimulation; rather, it primarily increases spontaneous and maximum discharge rates. These results support our previous interpretations of the putative dominant inputs to ICC response types and have important implications for midbrain processing of competing free-field sounds that reach the listener with different directional signatures.

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Understanding Emotions: Origins and Roles of the Amygdala

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11060823 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 823

Author(s):

Goran Šimić ◽

Mladenka Tkalčić ◽

Vana Vukić ◽

Damir Mulc ◽

Ena Španić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensory Information ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Central Nucleus ◽

Subcortical Structures ◽

Neuronal Populations ◽

Efferent Projections ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Understanding Emotions ◽

Fight Or Flight Response ◽

And Behavior

Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and subcortical structures, such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, putamen, caudate nucleus, and ventral tegmental area. Feelings are conscious, emotional experiences of these activations that contribute to neuronal networks mediating thoughts, language, and behavior, thus enhancing the ability to predict, learn, and reappraise stimuli and situations in the environment based on previous experiences. Contemporary theories of emotion converge around the key role of the amygdala as the central subcortical emotional brain structure that constantly evaluates and integrates a variety of sensory information from the surroundings and assigns them appropriate values of emotional dimensions, such as valence, intensity, and approachability. The amygdala participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational behaviors to changes in the environment through implicit associative learning, changes in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, and activation of the fight-or-flight response via efferent projections from its central nucleus to cortical and subcortical structures.

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Blockade of the GLT-1 Transporter in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Induces both Anxiety and Depressive-Like Symptoms

Neuropsychopharmacology ◽

10.1038/npp.2015.16 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (7) ◽

pp. 1700-1708 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Catherine S John ◽

Elizabeth I Sypek ◽

William A Carlezon ◽

Bruce M Cohen ◽

Dost Öngür ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nucleus

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Alcohol use disorder causes global changes in splicing in the human brain

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-020-01163-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Derek Van Booven ◽

Mengying Li ◽

J. Sunil Rao ◽

Ilya O. Blokhin ◽

R. Dayne Mayfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Human Brain ◽

Alcohol Use Disorder ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽

Splicing Factor ◽

Central Nucleus ◽

Global Changes ◽

Aberrant Expression ◽

Altered Expression

AbstractAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread disease leading to the deterioration of cognitive and other functions. Mechanisms by which alcohol affects the brain are not fully elucidated. Splicing constitutes a nuclear process of RNA maturation, which results in the formation of the transcriptome. We tested the hypothesis as to whether AUD impairs splicing in the superior frontal cortex (SFC), nucleus accumbens (NA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA). To evaluate splicing, bam files from STAR alignments were indexed with samtools for use by rMATS software. Computational analysis of affected pathways was performed using Gene Ontology Consortium, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, and LncRNA Ontology databases. Surprisingly, AUD was associated with limited changes in the transcriptome: expression of 23 genes was altered in SFC, 14 in NA, 102 in BLA, and 57 in CNA. However, strikingly, mis-splicing in AUD was profound: 1421 mis-splicing events were detected in SFC, 394 in NA, 1317 in BLA, and 469 in CNA. To determine the mechanism of mis-splicing, we analyzed the elements of the spliceosome: small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and splicing factors. While snRNAs were not affected by alcohol, expression of splicing factor heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 (HSPA6) was drastically increased in SFC, BLA, and CNA. Also, AUD was accompanied by aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to splicing. In summary, alcohol is associated with genome-wide changes in splicing in multiple human brain regions, likely due to dysregulation of splicing factor(s) and/or altered expression of splicing-related lncRNAs.

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Particle production at RHIC and LHC energies

International Journal of Modern Physics A ◽

10.1142/s0217751x15501316 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (22) ◽

pp. 1550131 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Tawfik ◽

E. Gamal ◽

A. G. Shalaby

Keyword(s):

Particle Production ◽

Hadron Collider ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

System Size ◽

Alice Experiment ◽

Center Of Mass Energy ◽

Particle Ratios ◽

Strangeness Enhancement ◽

Homogeneous Particle ◽

Energy Formula

The production of pion, kaon and proton was measured in Pb–Pb collisions at nucleus–nucleus center-of-mass energy [Formula: see text] by the ALICE experiment at Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The particle ratios of these species compared to the RHIC measurements are confronted to the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model and to simulations based on the event generators PYTHIA 6.4.21 and HIJING 1.36. It is found that the homogeneous particle–antiparticle ratios (same species) are fully reproducible by means of HRG and partly by PYTHIA 6.4.21 and HIJING 1.36. The mixed kaon–pion and proton–pion ratios measured at RHIC and LHC energies seem to be reproducible by the HRG model. On the other hand, the strange abundances are underestimated in both event generators. This might be originated to strangeness suppression in the event generators and/or possible strangeness enhancement in the experimental data. It is apparent that the values of kaon–pion ratios are not sensitive to the huge increase of [Formula: see text] from 200 (RHIC) to 2760 GeV (LHC). We conclude that the ratios of produced particle at LHC seem not depending on the system size.

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Noradrenergic agonist administration into the central nucleus of the amygdala increases the tail-flick latency in lightly anesthetized rats

Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.003 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 148 (3) ◽

pp. 737-743 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

J.P. Ortiz ◽

M.M. Heinricher ◽

N.R. Selden

Keyword(s):

Central Nucleus ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Anesthetized Rats ◽

Tail Flick Latency

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Phase-Locked Responses to Pure Tones in the Inferior Colliculus

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00497.2005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 1926-1935 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Liang-Fa Liu ◽

Alan R. Palmer ◽

Mark N. Wallace

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Inferior Colliculus ◽

Phase Locking ◽

Single Units ◽

Central Nucleus ◽

Dorsal Cortex ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Ascending Pathways ◽

Pure Tones ◽

The Brain

In the auditory system, some ascending pathways preserve the precise timing information present in a temporal code of frequency. This can be measured by studying responses that are phase-locked to the stimulus waveform. At each stage along a pathway, there is a reduction in the upper frequency limit of the phase-locking and an increase in the steady-state latency. In the guinea pig, phase-locked responses to pure tones have been described at various levels from auditory nerve to neocortex but not in the inferior colliculus (IC). Therefore we made recordings from 161 single units in guinea pig IC. Of these single units, 68% (110/161) showed phase-locked responses. Cells that phase-locked were mainly located in the central nucleus but also occurred in the dorsal cortex and external nucleus. The upper limiting frequency of phase-locking varied greatly between units (80−1,034 Hz) and between anatomical divisions. The upper limits in the three divisions were central nucleus, >1,000 Hz; dorsal cortex, 700 Hz; external nucleus, 320 Hz. The mean latencies also varied and were central nucleus, 8.2 ± 2.8 (SD) ms; dorsal cortex, 17.2 ms; external nucleus, 13.3 ms. We conclude that many cells in the central nucleus receive direct inputs from the brain stem, whereas cells in the external and dorsal divisions receive input from other structures that may include the forebrain.

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