The essential role of lipid bilayers in the determination of stratum corneum permeability

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J.I. Ward ◽  
Charles du Reau
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Essential Role

scholarly journals Skin Electrical Resistance Measurement of Oxygen-Containing Terpenes as Penetration Enhancers: Role of Stratum Corneum Lipids

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-min Zhu ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Fei Xu ◽  
Wei Gu ◽  
Guo-jun Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Penetration Enhancers ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Skin Cell ◽  
First Time

The measurement of skin electrical resistance (SER) has drawn a great deal of attention for the rapid screening of transdermal penetration enhancers (PEs). However, the mechanisms underlying the SER measurement are still unclear. This study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of seven oxygen-containing terpenes on the SER kinetics. Stratum corneum (SC) lipids were proved to play a key role in SER measurement. Then, the factors affecting the SER measurement were optimized. By the determination of SER kinetics, cyclic terpenes (1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, menthol and α-terpineol) were demonstrated to possess higher enhancement ratio (ER) values compared with linear terpenes (linalool, geraniol and citral). For the first time, the linear correlation was found between ER of terpenes and the interaction energy of terpene–ceramide complexes revealed by molecular simulation. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis revealed that the effect of cyclic terpenes on SC lipid arrangement was obviously stronger than that of linear terpenes. In addition, by evaluating HaCaT skin cell viability, little difference was found between the toxicities of cyclic and linear terpenes. In conclusion, measurement of SER could be a feasible approach for the efficient evaluation of the PEs that mainly act on SC lipids.

Royal justice: The Dīvān-i Hümāyūn and the Dīwān al-ʿĀlī

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Evidence And Proof ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 3 examines in detail two institutions which represented the direct involvement of the empire’s executive authorities in the mundane administration of justice: the Dīvān-i Hümāyūn (Imperial Council) and the Dīwān al-ʿĀlī (Ottoman governor’s tribunal). The chapter demonstrates considerable overlap in the jurisdictions and caseloads of these institutions and the sharīʿa courts. It then seeks to understand the relationship between these institutions by focusing on the role of particular officials within them. In particular, it explores the role of the qāḍī, arguing that the qāḍī’s essential role was the determination of facts through the application of procedure, and that he performed this role within or on behalf of all of these institutions. Rather than representing an alternative form of justice, in line with some theories of maẓālim and siyāsa, the Dīvān-i Hümāyūn and the Dīwān al-ʿĀlī shared the same essential attitude towards evidence and proof as the sharīʿa courts.

scholarly journals DRIS Norms and Sufficiency Ranges for Pepper Grown under Greenhouses Conditions in the Southeast of Spain

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 837
Author(s):  
Alfonso Llanderal ◽  
Pedro García-Caparrós ◽  
María Teresa Lao ◽  
Maria Luz Segura
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Crop Nutrition

The aim of this study was to compile DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) norms and sufficiency ranges for pepper grown in greenhouses and the determination of the variation in DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges during the different phenological stages of the crop. The DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges were constituted by 367 leaf samples of Capsicum annuum L. which were collected in different phenological stages of the crop (flowering (FL), fruiting (FT), fruit development (FD), and harvesting (HV)). Two sufficiency ranges were developed; one including all leaf samples and the other considering the leaf samples by phenological stages ((FL) (44), (FT) (96), (FD) (100), and (HV) (127)). Furthermore, 10 DRIS norms and CV were calculated from N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Two ratios of them were calculated in FL (N/P and N/K), two in FD (N/P and Ca/N) and one in HV (N/P) showing low CV, meaning, according to DRIS norms, the essential role of these nutrients in the crop nutrition. Moreover, the sufficiency ranges computed by all database were: N (34–56), P (1.9–4.3), K (30–51), Ca (12–33), and Mg (4.0–15) (mg g−1 DW), respectively. The data obtained in this experiment highlighted the importance of the sensitivity (low CV) of nutrient in the phenological stages such as happened with N.

The Kidneys and the Fibrinolytic Activity in the Blood

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Isacson ◽  
Inga Marie Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Plasminogen Activators ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Vessel Walls

SummaryExtensive analysis of the fibrinolytic activity of the blood after venous occlusion and histochemical determination of the activity in biopsy specimens of superficial veins from patients who had been bilaterally nephrectomized and treated with haemodialysis for 3-15 months pending the availability of suitable transplants appeared to warrant the conclusion that plasminogen activators form in the vessel walls and do not substantiate the earlier reports of an essential role of the kidney in maintaining fibrinolysis of the blood.

Essential role of epithelial TRAF6 in the determination of Th17 polarization

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. e40
Author(s):  
Reiko Matsumoto ◽  
Teruki Dainichi ◽  
Kenji Sakurai ◽  
Takashi Nomura ◽  
Kenji Kabashima
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role

scholarly journals Computational Determination of the Dirac-Theory Adjunctator

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M. Dima
Keyword(s):  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Dirac Theory ◽  
Spin Alignment ◽  
Particle Properties ◽  
Dirac Current

A number of particle properties stem from the use ofγ0as adjunctator (Bargmann-Pauli) in the Dirac theory (spin alignment, Dirac current, etc.). The early motivations for acceptingγ0as adjunctator were representation-dependent, mildly bearing relation to the actual conditions forcingγ0as adjunctator. Representation-independent approaches to the physical predictions of the Dirac equation are somewhat new, here presented as being the reasons forγ0as adjunctator of the Dirac theory, together with the essential role of the latter in the physical aspects of the theory.

Essential role of Sharpin in TNFα dependent NFκB activation in primary hepatocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Lange ◽  
S Sieber ◽  
A Erhardt ◽  
G Sass ◽  
HJ Kreienkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Primary Hepatocytes

A Molecular Approach to Immunoscintigraphy: A Study of the T-Antigen Conformation on the Surface of Tumors

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selvaraj ◽  
M. R. Suresh ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
D. Willans ◽  
C. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Human Carcinomas ◽  
Animal Tumor ◽  
Synthetic Antigens

The role of glycoconjugates in tumor cell differentiation has been well documented. We have examined the expression of the two anomers of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on the surface of human, canine and murine tumor cell membranes both in vitro and in vivo. This has been accomplished through the synthesis of the disaccharide terminal residues in both a and ß configuration. Both entities were used to generate murine monoclonal antibodies which recognized the carbohydrate determinants. The determination of fine specificities of these antibodies was effected by means of cellular uptake, immunohistopathology and immunoscintigraphy. Examination of pathological specimens of human and canine tumor tissue indicated that the expressed antigen was in the β configuration. More than 89% of all human carcinomas tested expressed the antigen in the above anomeric form. The combination of synthetic antigens and monoclonal antibodies raised specifically against them provide us with invaluable tools for the study of tumor marker expression in humans and their respective animal tumor models.

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