Role of Calmodulin In Dopaminergic Transmission

1980 ◽  
pp. 253-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. HANBAUER ◽  
E. COSTA
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Transmission

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythms, the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Circuit, and Drug Addiction

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 194-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen A. McClung
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Circadian Genes ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Central Pacemaker

Drug addiction is a devastating disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Through better understanding of the genetic variations that create a vulnerability for addiction and the molecular mechanisms that underlie the progression of addiction, better treatment options can be created for those that suffer from this condition. Recent studies point to a link between abnormal or disrupted circadian rhythms and the development of addiction. In addition, studies suggest a role for specific genes that make up the molecular clock in the regulation of drug sensitivity, sensitization, and reward. The influence of circadian genes and rhythms on drug-induced behaviors may be mediated through the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. This system has long been implicated in the development of addiction, and recent evidence supports a regulatory role for the brain's central pacemaker and circadian gene expression in the regulation of dopaminergic transmission. This review highlights the association between circadian genes and drug addiction, and the possible role of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in this association.

scholarly journals The Role of Glycinergic Transmission in the Pathogenesis of Alcohol Abuse

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 587-593
Author(s):  
Przemysław Zakowicz ◽  
Radosław Kujawski ◽  
Przemysław Mikołajczak
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Current Opinion ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Insight Into

Alcoholism is a severe social and medical problem. Inadequate ethanol (EtOH) consumption results in acute and chronic conditions, which lead to many hospitalizations and generate considerable costs in healthcare. Alcoholism undoubtedly needs to be thoroughly described, especially in relation to the molecular mechanism of addiction. The current opinion about the pathogenesis of EtOH abuse is mainly based on the dopaminergic theory of addiction, connected with the impaired function of the dopaminergic transmission in the brain’s reward system. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the potential role in alcohol activity is played also by glycinergic transmission, based inter alia on inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) sensitive to this simplest amino acid. GlyRs are pentameric, ionotropic receptors from ligand-gated ion channel family and facilitate membrane permeability to chloride ions. The receptors are widely present in the human body and spread to the peripheral and central nervous system, where they are engaged in several processes, especially in the regulation of nociception, movement control and, possibly, also they are responsible for controlling the brain’s reward system involved in the pathogenesis of addiction. The last localization seems to be really important and consists of a new insight into the search for novel substances to prevent or cure the consequences of EtOH abuse. In this paper describes recently discovered and animal-tested ligands, which may be an interesting tool in the treatment of alcohol-related syndromes.

scholarly journals Putative role of vitamin D in the mechanism of alcoholism and other addictions – a hypothesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tanya M. Galyuk ◽  
Anton J.M. Loonen
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission

Abstract Objective: Vitamin D deficiency may be a clinical problem in patients with addictions. The authors systematically searched for studies addressing vitamin D and addiction and develop a hypothesis which can direct future research of the possible mechanistic role of vitamin D in the process of addiction. Methods: Systematic review of the literature found in PubMed and EMBASE followed by narrative review combined with clinical experiences leading to hypotheses for future research. Results: Only five articles were identified about a role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of addiction. Their results are in line with a possible influence of vitamin D in dopaminergic transmission. The cerebral vitamin D status depends on the functionality of genetic variants of vitamin D receptor and other involved genes. Routine serum calcidiol levels may not adequately reflect cerebral vitamin D status. Uncertainty exists regarding appropriate calcidiol blood levels and proper dosages for affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Conclusions: The putative pathophysiological role of vitamin D in substance abuse has been insufficiently studied which calls to more studies how to measure cerebral vitamin D status in clinical practice. Research is indicated whether vitamin D supplementation should use higher dosages and aim to reach higher calcidiol serum levels. Measuring dopaminergic functioning within the prefrontal cortex as reflected by neuropsychological tests selected as suitable could be a appropriate proxy for the cerebral vitamin D status when studying the pharmacogenomics of this functionality in patients.

scholarly journals The Association Between Affective Temperament Traits and Dopamine Genes in Obese Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Lesiewska ◽  
Alina Borkowska ◽  
Roman Junik ◽  
Anna Kamińska ◽  
Joanna Pulkowska-Ulfig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Peripheral Blood Sample ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Obese Population ◽  
Affective Temperament ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Dopamine Genes

Studies indicate the heritable nature of affective temperament, which shows personality traits predisposing to the development of mental disorders. Dopaminergic gene polymorphisms such as DRD4, COMTVal158Met, and DAT1 have been linked to affective disorders in obesity. Due to possible correlation between the aforementioned polymorphisms and the affective temperament, the aim of our research was to investigate this connection in an obese population. The study enrolled 245 obese patients (178 females; 67 males). The affective temperament was assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Genetic polymorphisms of DAT1, COMTVal158Met and DRD4 were collected from peripheral blood sample and determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only in COMT polymorphisms, the cyclothymic and irritable dimensions were significantly associated with Met/Val carriers (p = 0.04; p = 0.01). Another interesting finding was the correlation between the affective temperament and age in men and women. We assume that dopamine transmission in heterozygotes of COMT may determine the role of the affective temperament in obese persons. Dopaminergic transmission modulated by COMT may be responsible for a greater temperament expression in obese individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the role of affective temperament in the obese population, but more research is needed in this regard.

scholarly journals Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 3793-3798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ferreri ◽  
Ernest Mas-Herrero ◽  
Robert J. Zatorre ◽  
Pablo Ripollés ◽  
Alba Gomez-Andres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Affective Processing ◽  
Dopamine Antagonist ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Hedonic Experience ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Healthy Participants

Understanding how the brain translates a structured sequence of sounds, such as music, into a pleasant and rewarding experience is a fascinating question which may be crucial to better understand the processing of abstract rewards in humans. Previous neuroimaging findings point to a challenging role of the dopaminergic system in music-evoked pleasure. However, there is a lack of direct evidence showing that dopamine function is causally related to the pleasure we experience from music. We addressed this problem through a double blind within-subject pharmacological design in which we directly manipulated dopaminergic synaptic availability while healthy participants (n = 27) were engaged in music listening. We orally administrated to each participant a dopamine precursor (levodopa), a dopamine antagonist (risperidone), and a placebo (lactose) in three different sessions. We demonstrate that levodopa and risperidone led to opposite effects in measures of musical pleasure and motivation: while the dopamine precursor levodopa, compared with placebo, increased the hedonic experience and music-related motivational responses, risperidone led to a reduction of both. This study shows a causal role of dopamine in musical pleasure and indicates that dopaminergic transmission might play different or additive roles than the ones postulated in affective processing so far, particularly in abstract cognitive activities.

ROLE OF CALMODULIN IN DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION

1980 ◽  
Vol 356 (1) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hanbauer ◽  
S. Pradhan ◽  
H.-Y. T. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Transmission

scholarly journals Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Current (Ih) Is an Ethanol Target in Midbrain Dopamine Neurons of Mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Okamoto ◽  
Mark T. Harnett ◽  
Hitoshi Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Pacemaker Activity ◽  
Activation Kinetics ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Cation Current ◽  
Midbrain Dopamine ◽  
Maximum Conductance

Ethanol stimulates the firing activity of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, leading to enhanced dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system. This effect is thought to underlie the behavioral reinforcement of alcohol intake. Ethanol has been shown to directly enhance the intrinsic pacemaker activity of DA neurons, yet the cellular mechanism mediating this excitation remains poorly understood. The hyperpolarization-activated cation current, Ih, is known to contribute to the pacemaker firing of DA neurons. To determine the role of Ih in ethanol excitation of DA neurons, we performed patch-clamp recordings in acutely prepared mouse midbrain slices. Superfusion of ethanol increased the spontaneous firing frequency of DA neurons in a reversible fashion. Treatment with ZD7288, a blocker of Ih, irreversibly depressed basal firing frequency and significantly attenuated the stimulatory effect of ethanol on firing. Furthermore, ethanol reversibly augmented Ih amplitude and accelerated its activation kinetics. This effect of ethanol was accompanied by a shift in the voltage dependence of Ih activation to more depolarized potentials and an increase in the maximum Ih conductance. Cyclic AMP mediated the depolarizing shift in Ih activation but not the increase in the maximum conductance. Finally, repeated ethanol treatment in vivo induced downregulation of Ih density in DA neurons and an accompanying reduction in the magnitude of ethanol stimulation of firing. These results suggest an important role of Ih in the reinforcing actions of ethanol and in the neuroadaptations underlying escalation of alcohol consumption associated with alcoholism.

scholarly journals Dopaminergic Regulation of Striatal Interneurons in Reward and Addiction: Focus on Alcohol

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhona Clarke ◽  
Louise Adermark
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Cholinergic Interneurons ◽  
Guided Learning ◽  
Striatal Interneurons ◽  
Dopaminergic Regulation

Corticobasal ganglia networks coursing through the striatum are key structures for reward-guided behaviors. The ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens (nAc)) and its reciprocal connection with the ventral tegmental area (VTA) represent a primary component of the reward system, but reward-guided learning also involves the dorsal striatum and dopaminergic inputs from the substantia nigra. The majority of neurons in the striatum (>90%) are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), but both the input to and the output from these neurons are dynamically controlled by striatal interneurons. Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in reward and reward-guided learning, and the physiological activity of GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons is regulated by dopaminergic transmission in a complex manner. Here we review the role of striatal interneurons in modulating striatal output during drug reward, with special emphasis on alcohol.

Warriors Versus Worriers: The Role of COMT Gene Variants

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 745-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Stein ◽  
Timothy K. Newman ◽  
Jonathan Savitz ◽  
Rajkumar Ramesar
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Release ◽  
Comt Gene ◽  
Common Variant ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Comt Activity

ABSTRACTBehavioral phenotypes are generally complex, reflecting the action of multiple different genes. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that key gene variants can alter activity within specific neuronal circuits and, therefore, influence particular cognitive-affective phenomena. One example is the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, which has a common variant at codon 158. Those with valine (Val158) alleles have increased greater COMT activity and lower prefrontal extracellular dopamine compared with those with the methionine (Met158) substitution. Val158 alleles may be associated with an advantage in the processing of aversive stimuli (warrior strategy), while Met158 alleles may be associated with an advantage in memory and attention tasks (worrier strategy). Under conditions of increased dopamine release (eg, stress), individuals with Val158 alleles may have improved dopaminergic transmission and better performance. while individuals with Met158 alleles may have less efficient neurotransmission and worse performance. Some evidence suggests that Val158 alleles are associated with schizophrenia, while Met158 alleles are associated with anxiety.

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