Stem cells and progenitor cell lineages as targets for neoplastic transformation in the central nervous system

Brain Tumors ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 6-35
Author(s):  
Claudia Petritsch ◽  
Scott R. VandenBerg
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Neoplastic Transformation ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Development and regeneration in the central nervous system

1990 ◽  
Vol 327 (1239) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System

As part of our attempts to understand principles that underly organism development, we have been studying the development of the rat optic nerve. This simple tissue is composed of three glial cell types derived from two distinct cellular lineages. Type-1 astrocytes appear to be derived from a monopotential neuroepithelial precursor, whereas type-2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are derived from a common oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell. Type-1 astrocytes modulate division and differentiation of O-2A progenitor cells through secretion of platelet-derived growth factor, and can themselves be stimulated to divide by peptide mitogens and through stimulation of neurotransmitter receptors. In vitro analysis indicates that many dividing O-2A progenitors derived from optic nerves of perinatal rats differentiate symmetrically and clonally to give rise to oligodendrocytes, or can be induced to differentiate into type-2 astrocytes. O-2A perinatal progenitors can also differentiate to form a further O-2A lineage cell, the O-2A adult progenitor, which has properties specialized for the physiological requirements of the adult nervous system. In particular, O-2A adult progenitors have many of the features of stem cells, in that they divide slowly and asymmetrically and appear to have the capacity for extended self-renewal. The apparent derivation of a slowly and asymmetrically dividing cell, with properties appropriate for homeostatic maintenance of existing populations in the mature animal, from a rapidly dividing cell with properties suitable for the rapid population and myelination of central nervous system (CNS) axon tracts during early development, offers novel and unexpected insights into the possible origin of self-renewing stem cells and also into the role that generation of stem cells may play in helping to terminate the explosive growth of embryogenesis. Moreover, the properties of O-2A adult progenitor cells are consistent with, and may explain, the failure of successful myelin repair in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, and thus seem to provide a cellular biological basis for understanding one of the key features of an important human disease.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals MicroRNA Signature in Human Normal and Tumoral Neural Stem Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana ◽  
Gaido ◽  
Murtas
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cellular Context ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Insight Into

MicroRNAs, also called miRNAs or simply miR-, represent a unique class of non-coding RNAs that have gained exponential interest during recent years because of their determinant involvement in regulating the expression of several genes. Despite the increasing number of mature miRNAs recognized in the human species, only a limited proportion is engaged in the ontogeny of the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs also play a pivotal role during the transition of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) into tumor-forming NSCs. More specifically, extensive studies have identified some shared miRNAs between NSCs and neural cancer stem cells (CSCs), namely miR-7, -124, -125, -181 and miR-9, -10, -130. In the context of NSCs, miRNAs are intercalated from embryonic stages throughout the differentiation pathway in order to achieve mature neuronal lineages. Within CSCs, under a different cellular context, miRNAs perform tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions that govern the homeostasis of brain tumors. This review will draw attention to the most characterizing studies dealing with miRNAs engaged in neurogenesis and in the tumoral neural stem cell context, offering the reader insight into the power of next generation miRNA-targeted therapies against brain malignances.

Ablation of Tumor-Derived Stem Cells Transplanted to the Central Nervous System by Genetic Modification of Embryonic Stem Cells with a Suicide Gene

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1182-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyeon Jung ◽  
Neil R. Hackett ◽  
Robert G. Pergolizzi ◽  
Lorraine Pierre-Destine ◽  
Anja Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Suicide Gene ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The Route by Which Intranasally Delivered Stem Cells Enter the Central Nervous System

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Galeano ◽  
Zhifang Qiu ◽  
Anuja Mishra ◽  
Steven L. Farnsworth ◽  
Jacob J. Hemmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Cribriform Plate ◽  
Intranasal Delivery ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Stem Cell Delivery ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Intranasal administration is a promising route of delivery of stem cells to the central nervous system (CNS). Reports on this mode of stem cell delivery have not yet focused on the route across the cribriform plate by which cells move from the nasal cavity into the CNS. In the current experiments, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from Wharton’s jelly of umbilical cords and were labeled with extremely bright quantum dots (QDs) in order to track the cells efficiently. At 2 h after intranasal delivery in immunodeficient mice, the labeled cells were found under the olfactory epithelium, crossing the cribriform plate adjacent to the fila olfactoria, and associated with the meninges of the olfactory bulb. At all times, the cells were separate from actual nerve tracts; this location is consistent with them being in the subarachnoid space (SAS) and its extensions through the cribriform plate into the nasal mucosa. In their location under the olfactory epithelium, they appear to be within an expansion of a potential space adjacent to the turbinate bone periosteum. Therefore, intranasally administered stem cells appear to cross the olfactory epithelium, enter a space adjacent to the periosteum of the turbinate bones, and then enter the SAS via its extensions adjacent to the fila olfactoria as they cross the cribriform plate. These observations should enhance understanding of the mode by which stem cells can reach the CNS from the nasal cavity and may guide future experiments on making intranasal delivery of stem cells efficient and reproducible.

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