scholarly journals Bone tissue and histological and molecular events during development of the long bones

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 151704
Author(s):  
Michael J.F. Blumer
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Molecular Events

scholarly journals Case study of radial fibrolamellar bone tissues in the outer cortex of basal sauropods

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1793) ◽  
pp. 20190143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Jentgen-Ceschino ◽  
Koen Stein ◽  
Valentin Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Periosteal Reaction ◽  
Bone Histology ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
Bone Surface ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Aggressive Form

The histology of sauropod long bones often appears uniform and conservative along their evolutionary tree. One of the main aspects of their bone histology is to exhibit a fibrolamellar complex in the cortex of their long bones. Here, we report another bone tissue, the radial fibrolamellar bone (RFB), in the outer cortex of the humeri of a young adult cf. Isanosaurus (Early to Late Jurassic, Thailand) and an adult Spinophorosaurus nigerensis (Early to Middle Jurassic, Niger) that do not exhibit any pathological feature on the bone surface. Its location within the cortex is unexpected, because RFB is a rapidly deposited bone tissue that would rather be expected early in the ontogeny. A palaeopathological survey was conducted for these sampled specimens. Observed RFB occurrences are regarded as spiculated periosteal reactive bone, which is an aggressive form of periosteal reaction. A ‘hair-on-end’ pattern of neoplasmic origin (resembling a Ewing's sarcoma) is favoured for cf. Isanosaurus , while a sunburst pattern of viral or neoplasmic origin (resembling an avian osteopetrosis or haemangioma) is favoured for Spinophorosaurus . This study highlights the importance of bone histology in assessing the frequency and nature of palaeopathologies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.

scholarly journals A Logarithmic Formulation for Anisotropic Behavior Characterization of Bovine Cortical Bone Tissue in Long Bones Undergoing Uniaxial Compression at Different Speeds

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5045
Author(s):  
Abdallah Shokry ◽  
Hasan Mulki ◽  
Ghais Kharmanda
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Uniaxial Compression ◽  
Failure Stress ◽  
Prosthesis Design ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Anisotropic Behavior ◽  
Tangential Directions

The mechanical properties of bone tissues change significantly within the bone body, since it is considered as a heterogeneous material. The characterization of bone mechanical properties is necessary for many studies, such as in prosthesis design. An experimental uniaxial compression study is carried out in this work on bovine cortical bone tissue in long bones (femur and tibia) at several speeds to characterize its anisotropic behavior. Several samples from different regions are taken, and the result selection is carried out considering the worst situations and failure modes. When considering different displacement rates (from 0.5 to 5 mm/min), three findings are reported: The first finding is that the behavior of bone tissues in radial and tangential directions are almost similar, which allows us to consider the transversal isotropic behavior under static loads as well as under dynamic loads. The second finding is that the failure stress values of the longitudinal direction is much higher than those of the radial and tangential directions at low displacement rates, while there is no big difference at the high displacement rates. The third finding is a new mathematical model that relates the dynamic failure stress with the static one, considering the displacement rates. This model is validated by experimental results. The model can be effectively used in reliability and optimization analysis in prosthesis design, such as hip prosthesis.

scholarly journals The human bone oxygen isotope ratio changes with aging

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Stepańczak ◽  
Krzysztof Szostek ◽  
Jacek Pawlyta
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Older People ◽  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Ratio ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) in tissues is the outcome of both climatic and geographical factors in a given individual’s place of abode, as well as the physiology and metabolism of his organism. During an individual’s life, various rates and intensities of physiological and metabolic processes are observable in the organism, also within the bone tissue.The aim of this study is to verify whether involutional changes occurring as a result of the organism’s ageing have a significant impact on δ18O determined in the bone tissue.The material used for analysis was fragments of the long bones taken from 65 people, (11 children and 54 adults), whose remains had been uncovered at the early mediaeval (X–XI century) cemetery located at the Main Market Square in Kraków (Poland).The correlation analysis between δ18O of bone tissue and an individual’s age shows that up to 40 years of age, such a relationship does not exist in both, males and females. However, the conducted correlation analysis prompted the observation that after 40 years of life, δ18O in bone tissue significantly drops as females increase in age.Results suggest that the δ18O in bone tissue among older people may be the outcome not only of environmental factors but also involutional changes in bone linked to an organism’s ageing. Therefore, the interpretation of δ18O results relating to the description of the origin and migrations of older individuals should be treated with caution.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of stress-strain state of mathematical models for an individual endoprosthesis and allocomposite endoprosthesis in case of replacement of long bone defects

TRAUMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
O.E. Vyrva ◽  
Ya.О. Golovina ◽  
R.V. Malik ◽  
M.Yu. Karpinsky ◽  
О.V. Yaresko
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Bone Cement ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Grafting ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Rigid Support ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Complete Replacement

Background. Replacement of post-resection defects of long bones in case of a tumor process is always an urgent problem of orthopedics. Among the wide variety of materials and methods for reconstruction of post-resection defects of long bones, the most common are individual, modular arthroplasty and bioreconstructive interventions. To study the mechanical properties of the structures we have chosen, various types of post-resection femoral bone defect replacement were simulated using the finite element method. The purpose was to compare the data on stress-strain states in mathematical models “allocomposite endoprosthesis” and “individual endoprosthesis” of the proximal femur. Material and methods. Mathematical models of the femur with the formation of a post-resection proximal defect replaced by a segmental bone allograft in combination with an individual endoprosthesis have been created. The model is presented in two versions, with the formation of transverse and step-cut osteotomy. Each model was examined separately with cement and cementless attachment in the area of the endoprosthesis stem. For comparison, we chose a model with complete replacement of the proximal end of the femur with an individual endoprosthesis without bone grafting. Results. Femur step-cut osteotomy can significantly reduce the level of stress in the osteotomy area. This is due to the fact that performing the step-cut osteotomy allows the bone fragments to provide resistance to shearing movement. The use of bone cement can significantly reduce the level of stress around the stem of the endoprosthesis in both variants of femoral osteotomy (transverse and step-cut). This is due to the fact that bone cement, which has an elastic modulus at an intermediate value between titanium and bone tissue, forms a layer between them, performs a damper function, that smoothes the difference in deformation values of the metal and bone tissue, thereby reducing the level of stress in them. Arthroplasty without performing bone grafting leads to increased stresses in the bone tissue due to the presence of a rigid support on the cortical bone endoprosthesis in the diaphysis along the line of its resection. Conclusions. Performing step-cut osteotomy of the femur reduces the level of mechanical stresses in the osteotomy area by half compared to models with transverse osteotomy, which is of particular importance in the early postoperative stages. The use of bone cement for fixing the stem of the endoprosthesis can also significantly reduce the level of stress in all variants of the studied models, due to the formation of a damping layer between the metal and the bone tissue. The level of stress in models without bone grafting does not depend on the use of bone cement, but is determined by the presence of a rigid support of the endoprosthesis on the cortical bone along the line of its resection.

Electro-Mechanical Behavior of Wet Bone—Part II: Wave Propagation

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Guzelsu ◽  
S. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Electrical Conduction ◽  
Flexural Wave ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Induction Vector ◽  
Mechanical Wave ◽  
Flexural Wave Propagation ◽  
Dry Bone

In this study, a general mixture model, which was developed for wet bone, has been used to analyze the flexural wave propagation in long bones. The electrical conduction is taken into account as well as the piezo-electric properties of bone tissue. The general formulation is simplified and certain assumptions made to yield a particular set of equations. The solution of the magnetic induction vector outside the bone due to the mechanical wave propagation is obtained. The results are compared with a similar problem using dry bone. The results indicate that the electro-mechanical properties of bone tissue could be used for monitoring the rate of fracture healing in long bones.

scholarly journals Microcirculation and regeneration of long bones in extraosseous osteosynthesis by АО system

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
G. A. Onoprienko ◽  
V. S. Zubikov ◽  
I. G. Mikhailov
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Compact Bone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Screw Thread ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Control Series ◽  
The Third ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Primary Consolidation ◽  
Compression Osteosynthesis

Three series of experiments in dogs were performed. In one series subtrochanteric osteotomy of the femur using compression osteosynthesis with Г-shape plate was carried out, in the other - osteotomy of the diaphysis of either the femur or tibia using osteosynthesis with straight plate, and in the third (control) series osteotomy was not performed and the plate was implanted under compression or without it. Bone tissue microcirculation was studied in the enlightened sections by authors method using Indian ink-gelatine mixture; morphologic examinations were carried out on eosin-hematoxylin stained specimens. Presice effect of osteogenesis induction in the place of plate contact with the metal fixative was observed and it was most pronounced around the screw thread, that was considered as a factor of the additional osteosynthesis fixation. During the formation of primary consolidation, the delay in angioarchitectonics retardation of the compact bone under the plate was noted. Microcirculatiry bed response was of universal addoptive pattern and showed the formation of extravascular microcirculation at early stages.

scholarly journals Dynamics of bone tissue metabolism in the complex treatment of chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis of long bones

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Archil V. Tsiskarashvili ◽  
Svetlana S. Rodionova ◽  
Sergey P. Mironov ◽  
Dmitry S. Gorbatyuk ◽  
Alexander Yu. Taraskin
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis ◽  
Therapy Regimen ◽  
Metabolic Therapy ◽  
Complex Therapy ◽  
Post Traumatic

Introduction: Chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis is a complex problem of modern traumatology and orthopedics, affecting, in addition to medical, social and economic aspects of healthcare. When planning treatment, it is necessary to take into account the metabolic state of the bone tissue, since the effect of an infectious pathogen goes far beyond the classical lytic process, disrupting the balance of bone formation and bone resorption in various ways. The study is devoted to the study of the dynamics of parameters reflecting the metabolism of bone tissue in patients receiving complex therapy for chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of long bones. Aim: To study the dynamics of metabolic disorders of bone tissue in patients with orthopedic infection of long bones and large joints under conditions of ongoing complex etiotropic and compensatory therapy for 6 months, the timing of bone tissue consolidation within 2 years from the moment of surgery. Materials and methods: The study was prospective, observational, comparative, exploratory, involving 138 patients with post-traumatic chronic osteomyelitis of the long bones. Complex therapy included a combination of surgical treatment with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory therapy and drug correction of the revealed disorders of bone metabolism. The timing of the consolidation of bone defects after treatment and the dynamics of indicators of bone metabolism were studied. Results: The similarity of the periods of consolidation of different segments in the conditions of the described therapy was shown; the time period corresponding to the most pronounced dynamics of changes (correction) of violations was determined (3 months from the beginning of treatment); shows the effectiveness of metabolic therapy for the treatment of osteoarticular infections in various anatomical segments of the extremities. The results corresponds both to the results of the previous study and to the pathophysiological aspects of bone metabolism described in the literature. Conclusion: the timing of consolidation in the treatment of metabolic disorders is generally similar; the greatest changes in the parameters of bone metabolism are recorded within 3 months after the start of therapy. Also, the metabolic therapy regimen can be considered as universal for all segments.

scholarly journals Long bone histology and microanatomy of Placodontia (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Klein ◽  
Alexandra Houssaye ◽  
James M. Neenan ◽  
Torsten M. Scheyer
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Medullary Cavity ◽  
Bone Histology ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Lamellar Bone

Placodontia, an enigmatic group of durophagous and in part heavily armoured animals, were members of Sauropterygia, the most diverse and successful group of Mesozoic marine reptiles. Microanatomy and histology of long bones of several armoured and non-armoured Placodontia were studied, covering most of their taxonomic breadth, to elucidate the paleoecology, physiology, and lifestyle of its members. Results reveal an unexpected and not phylogenetically or stratigraphically related disparity of microanatomical and histological features for the group. The non-armoured Paraplacodus and the heavily armoured Psephoderma grew with lamellar-zonal bone tissue type, which is typical for modern sauropsids. In the former, the tissue is nearly avascular surrounding a compacted medullary region, whereas in the latter, the lamellar-zonal bone tissue is vascularized framing a large open medullary cavity and a perimedullary region. Armoured Henodus and Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus as well as non-armoured Placodus exhibit a reduced medullary cavity and grew with highly vascularized plexiform to radiating fibro-lamellar bone. Several long bones of Placodontia indet. show circumferential fibro-lamellar bone and can be distinguished into two groups on the basis of microanatomical features. In addition, all bones that grew with fibro-lamellar bone show locally primary spongeous-like architecture and had secondarily widened primary osteons throughout the cortex, resulting in a secondarily spongeous tissue. The highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone of these Placodontia indicates growth rates comparable to that of open marine ichthyosaurs. Differences in microanatomy and bone histology as expressed by a principal component analysis, thus clearly indicate different paleoecologies, including differences in lifestyle and swimming modes and capabilities in Placodontia. This would have reduced competition in the shallow marine environments of the Tethys and might be a key to their success and diversity. A certain developmental plasticity among the studied placodonts is interpreted as response to different environmental conditions as is obvious from inter- and intraspecific histological variation. Most striking is the difference in life history strategy in armoured Psephoderma and non-armoured Paraplacodus when compared to armoured Henodus, Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus, non-armoured Placodus, and Placodontia indet. Bone tissue of Psephoderma and Paraplacodus indicates low growth rates and a low basal metabolic rate, as many modern sauropsids have such as the marine iguana, whereas the others grew with extremely fast growth rates, more typical for birds and mammals, indicating an increased basal metabolic rate.

Structural Properties of Immature Canine Bone

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Torzilli ◽  
K. Takebe ◽  
A. H. Burstein ◽  
K. G. Heiple
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Tissue Material

Structural properties of growing canine long bones were determined from three and four-point bending tests. Mechanical and geometric properties were found to follow a biphasic growth process, with a rapid increase in bending strength and moment of inertia from 1 to 24 wk of age and a substantially decreased rate thereafter to maturity. Predicted bone tissue material properties were also found to follow this biphasic developmental process.

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