scholarly journals Detection and response to critical lead vehicle deceleration events with peripheral vision: Glance response times are independent of visual eccentricity

2021 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 105853
Author(s):  
Malin Svärd ◽  
Jonas Bärgman ◽  
Trent Victor
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Vehicle Deceleration ◽  
Lead Vehicle

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Flashing Brake and Hazard Systems in Avoiding Rear-End Crashes

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 792670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofa Li ◽  
Wenjun Wang ◽  
Shengbo Eben Li ◽  
Bo Cheng ◽  
Paul Green
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Brake System ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Vehicle Deceleration ◽  
Lead Vehicle

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effectiveness of two forward crash warning systems, a flashing brake system and a flashing hazard system, using an advanced driving simulator. In Experiment 1, 20 subjects followed a lead vehicle with a desired time gap and braked when necessary. Results showed that time gap, velocity, and deceleration of the lead vehicle all significantly affected drivers’ brake response times. In Experiment 2, six brake response times to a sudden lead vehicle deceleration (0.6 g at 80 km/h) were measured for six time gaps. Results showed that flashing brake system and flashing hazard system reduced drivers' brake response times by 0.14~0.62 s and 0.03~0.95 s, respectively, in the various situations tested. The effects of flashing color and illuminated size on drivers' brake response times were examined in Experiment 3. Results showed that flashing amber lamps reduced drivers' brake response times significantly by 0.11 s (10%) on average compared with red lamps. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of both flashing systems in reducing drivers' brake response times in urgent situations and may warrant further consideration by manufacturers.

Effects of Selective Attention on Perceptual Filling-in

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. De Weerd ◽  
E. Smith ◽  
P. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Surface Perception ◽  
Visual Processes ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Directing Attention ◽  
As If

After few seconds, a figure steadily presented in peripheral vision becomes perceptually filled-in by its background, as if it “disappeared”. We report that directing attention to the color, shape, or location of a figure increased the probability of perceiving filling-in compared to unattended figures, without modifying the time required for filling-in. This effect could be augmented by boosting attention. Furthermore, the frequency distribution of filling-in response times for attended figures could be predicted by multiplying the frequencies of response times for unattended figures with a constant. We propose that, after failure of figure–ground segregation, the neural interpolation processes that produce perceptual filling-in are enhanced in attended figure regions. As filling-in processes are involved in surface perception, the present study demonstrates that even very early visual processes are subject to modulation by cognitive factors.

A Study on Guiding an Attention Direction of a Driver by an Ambient Visual Mark

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Central Vision ◽  
Monitor Display ◽  
Field Experimentation ◽  
Visual Mark

This paper examines the possibility of a new warning method that would increase drivers’ sensitivity to hazardous factors in the driving environment. The method is based on a visual warning mark in the peripheral vision, called an ambient warning. In this study, the use of ambient visual marks is investigated. These marks are soft visual warnings and lack officious interference with the task performed in the central vision field. Experimentation with a 27-inch monitor display resulted in decreased response times for detecting a flashing mark when an ambient mark was shown in advance. The results suggest that information observed in the peripheral vision field could help people drive more safely.

scholarly journals The Role of Situation Criticality in Affecting the Effect of Cognitive Load on Drivers’ Brake responses: A Driving Simulator Based Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Qingwan Xue ◽  
Xuedong Yan ◽  
Yi Zhao ◽  
Yuting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Explicit Simulation ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accumulator Models ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Lead Vehicle

A dramatic increase in talking on the phone whilst driving has been seen over the past decades, which posed a significant safety threat on the whole society consequently. Studies on the topic regarding the effect of phone conversations on drivers’ driving performances have never come to a cease, especially on the studies of drivers’ brake response times. However, few studies focus on the relationship between situation criticality and the effect of cognitive load on drivers’ brake responses. To better understand it, a driving simulator experiment with two braking scenarios corresponding to two levels of situation criticality was conducted in this study. Participants were asked to follow a lead vehicle as they normally did and answer arithmetic problems (simple and complex) in three phone modes (baseline, hands-free, and handheld) in the meantime. Drivers’ brake response times to the lead vehicle under five conditions were collected and fitted in accumulator models, in which visual looming and brake lights onset were included as the sensory cues. Results demonstrated that the previously proposed mechanistically explicit simulation model was able to predict drivers’ brake response times on different levels of cognitive load and the increased effect of cognitive load on drivers’ brake response times in less critical situations was demonstrated in this paper as well.

The Conclusion of a Driving Study About Warnings Depends upon How Response Time is Defined

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1876-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Liu ◽  
Paul Green
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Data Set ◽  
End Points ◽  
Final Response ◽  
Vehicle Movement ◽  
Warning Response ◽  
Lead Vehicle

Response time, a common measure of driving performance, is not defined consistently in the research literature, making it difficult to compare studies. To determine if the definition mattered, an experiment was conducted. Sixteen subjects drove on simulated expressway while following a lead vehicle and responded to forward collision warnings associated with the lead vehicle braking and cut-ins (46 total encounters, 4 potential collisions). Six response time types were defined per SAE J2944 by their start (e.g., vehicle movement, warning onset) and end points (e.g., brake pedal contact). Mean times for the warning/no warning response time combinations explored varied from 1.19 to 8.87 s. For this data set, response times that began with the warning presentation and ended with an intermediate-final response (e.g., accelerator release (option A) and maximum jerk (option B)) identified significant warning/no warning differences (p=0.044) but were insensitive to encounter differences (p=0.952), so that definition is preferred.

Role of Peripheral Vision in Brake Reaction Time During Safety Critical Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 695-699
Author(s):  
Abhijit Sarkar ◽  
Hananeh Alambeigi ◽  
Anthony McDonald ◽  
Gustav Markkula ◽  
Jeff Hickman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Event Data ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Light Onset ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Lead Vehicle

The criticality of a rear end event depends on the brake reaction time (BRT) of the driver. Therefore, distracted driving poses greater threat in such events. Evidence accumulation model (EAM) that uses looming of the lead vehicle as main stimuli has shown significant success in estimating drivers’ BR Ts. It is often argued that drivers collect evidence for braking through peripheral vision, especially during off-road glances, and transition to forward. In this work, we have modeled evidence accumulation as a function of gaze eccentricity for off-road glances while approaching safety critical events. The model is tested with real world crash and near crash event data from SHRP2 naturalistic study. Our model shows that linear relation between gaze eccentricity and evidence accumulation rate during off road glances helps to improve EAM estimation in predicting BRT. We have also shown that brake-light onset does not influence EAM in presence of active looming.

Nanostructure of semiconductor quantum dots in a borosilicate glass matrix by complementary use of HREM and AEM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-729
Author(s):  
M.J. Kim ◽  
L.C. Liu ◽  
S.H. Risbud ◽  
R.W. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Electron Hole ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

When the size of a semiconductor is reduced by an appropriate materials processing technique to a dimension less than about twice the radius of an exciton in the bulk crystal, the band like structure of the semiconductor gives way to discrete molecular orbital electronic states. Clusters of semiconductors in a size regime lower than 2R {where R is the exciton Bohr radius; e.g. 3 nm for CdS and 7.3 nm for CdTe) are called Quantum Dots (QD) because they confine optically excited electron- hole pairs (excitons) in all three spatial dimensions. Structures based on QD are of great interest because of fast response times and non-linearity in optical switching applications.In this paper we report the first HREM analysis of the size and structure of CdTe and CdS QD formed by precipitation from a modified borosilicate glass matrix. The glass melts were quenched by pouring on brass plates, and then annealed to relieve internal stresses. QD precipitate particles were formed during subsequent "striking" heat treatments above the glass crystallization temperature, which was determined by differential thermal analysis.

Compact and efficient gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes for microfuel cells and gas sensors

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda V. Fernandez ◽  
Rocío T. Tosello ◽  
José L. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Hydrogen Oxidation ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Gas Diffusion Electrodes ◽  
Nanoporous Alumina ◽  
Alumina Membranes ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Microfuel Cells

Gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes electrocatalyze hydrogen oxidation at high diffusion-limiting current densities with fast response times.

The S-SH Confusion Test and the Effects of Frequency Lowering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1486-1505
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Compression ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Minimal Word ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Negative Side Effects

PurposeFrequency lowering in hearing aids can cause listeners to perceive [s] as [ʃ]. The S-SH Confusion Test, which consists of 66 minimal word pairs spoken by 6 female talkers, was designed to help clinicians and researchers document these negative side effects. This study's purpose was to use this new test to evaluate the hypothesis that these confusions will increase to the extent that low frequencies are altered.MethodTwenty-one listeners with normal hearing were each tested on 7 conditions. Three were control conditions that were low-pass filtered at 3.3, 5.0, and 9.1 kHz. Four conditions were processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC): 2 had a 3.3-kHz maximum audible output frequency (MAOF), with a start frequency (SF) of 1.6 or 2.2 kHz; 2 had a 5.0-kHz MAOF, with an SF of 1.6 or 4.0 kHz. Listeners' responses were analyzed using concepts from signal detection theory. Response times were also collected as a measure of cognitive processing.ResultsOverall, [s] for [ʃ] confusions were minimal. As predicted, [ʃ] for [s] confusions increased for NFC conditions with a lower versus higher MAOF and with a lower versus higher SF. Response times for trials with correct [s] responses were shortest for the 9.1-kHz control and increased for the 5.0- and 3.3-kHz controls. NFC response times were also significantly longer as MAOF and SF decreased. The NFC condition with the highest MAOF and SF had statistically shorter response times than its control condition, indicating that, under some circumstances, NFC may ease cognitive processing.ConclusionsLarge differences in the S-SH Confusion Test across frequency-lowering conditions show that it can be used to document a major negative side effect associated with frequency lowering. Smaller but significant differences in response times for correct [s] trials indicate that NFC can help or hinder cognitive processing, depending on its settings.

Causal attribution and counterfactual thinking - when does performing one facilitate performance of the other

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-218
Author(s):  
A. N’gbala ◽  
N. R. Branscombe
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Counterfactual Thinking ◽  
The Other

When do causal attribution and counterfactual thinking facilitate one another, and when do the two responses overlap? Undergraduates (N = 78) both explained and undid, in each of two orders, events that were described either with their potential causes or not. The time to perform either response was recorded. Overall, mutation response times were shorter when performed after an attribution was made than before, while attribution response times did not vary as a consequence of sequence. Depending on whether the causes of the target events were described in the scenario or not, respondents undid the actor and assigned causality to another antecedent, or pointed to the actor for both responses. These findings suggest that counterfactual mutation is most likely to be facilitated by attribution, and that mutation and attribution responses are most likely to overlap when no information about potential causes of the event is provided.

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