Echinococcus granulosus cattle strain identification in an autochthonous case of cystic echinococcosis in central Mexico

AbstractCystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The disease is characterized by the development of cystic structures inside viscera of the intermediate host, mainly liver and lungs. These cysts are formed by three layers: germinal, laminated, and adventitial layer, the latter being the local host immune response. Metacestodes that develop protoscoleces, the infective stage to the definitive host, are termed fertile, whereas cysts that do not produce protoscoleces are termed non-fertile. Sheep usually harbor fertile cysts while cattle usually harbor non-fertile cysts. Adventitial layers with fibrotic resolution are associated to fertile cysts, whereas a granulomatous reaction is associated with non-fertile cysts. The aim of this study was to analyze cellular distribution in the adventitial layer of fertile and non-fertile E. granulosus sensu stricto cysts found in liver and lungs of cattle and sheep. A total of 418 cysts were analyzed, 203 from cattle (8 fertile and 195 non-fertile) and 215 from sheep (64 fertile and 151 non-fertile). Fertile cysts from cattle showed mixed patterns of response, with fibrotic resolution and presence of granulomatous response in direct contact with the laminated layer, while sheep fertile cysts always displayed fibrotic resolution next to the laminated layer. Cattle non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction in direct contact with the laminated layer, whereas sheep non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction, but in direct contact with the fibrotic resolution. This shows that cattle and sheep cystic echinococcosis cysts have distinct local immune response patterns, which are associated to metacestode fertility.

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Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Lebanon: A Retrospective Study and Molecular Epidemiology

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1007/s11686-021-00453-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gaelle Joanny ◽

Maria Grazia Cappai ◽

Francesca Nonnis ◽

Claudia Tamponi ◽

Giorgia Dessì ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

High Gene ◽

Human Infections ◽

And Control ◽

Human Cystic Echinococcosis

Abstract Purpose Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease that constitutes a public health challenge and a socio-economic burden in endemic areas worldwide. No specific surveillance system of CE infections in humans exists in Lebanon. The incidence and trends over time have not been documented. The current study aimed to assess the demographic and epidemiologic features of human CE surgical cases over a 14-year period in the five main regions of Lebanon. Methods From 2005 to 2018, a total of 894 surgically confirmed cases of hydatidosis were recorded from five anatomy and pathology laboratories. Results The mean annual surgical incidence was 1.23/100,000 inhabitants. Over the span of these years, the incidence increased from 0.53 to 1.94 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 2005 and 2018, respectively. CE is present in Lebanon with an uneven distribution from one region to the other with higher prevalence in Bekaa (29.0%), a rural area where sheep raising is widespread. Human CE cases were more common in females (60.1%) than in males (39.9%) and a high burden of infection was reported for the age group of 30–39 years. Besides, 66.7% of the cases expressed only liver complications whereas, 20.5% showed predilection towards lungs. The 7.8% of cases presented cysts in other organs, and 1.3% showed multiple localizations. Additionally, predominant involvement of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto was recorded in human infections. Comparison of Echinococcus granulosus s.s. populations from different Mediterranean countries also revealed high gene flow among this region and sharing of alleles. Conclusion The current study is a step forward to fill the gap of knowledge for the hydatidosis in Lebanon where the lack of epidemiological data and control measures have resulted in higher incidence of human CE. Graphic Abstract

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Strain identification of Echinococcus granulosus in determining origin of infection in a case of human hydatid disease in Australia

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1016/0035-9203(85)90345-1 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 238-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

F.C. Baldock ◽

R.C.A. Thompson ◽

L.M. Kumaratilake

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Hydatid Disease ◽

Strain Identification

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Characterization of excretory–secretory products from protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and evaluation of their potential for immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182004005670 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 129 (3) ◽

pp. 371-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

D. CARMENA ◽

J. MARTÍNEZ ◽

A. BENITO ◽

J. A. GUISANTES

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Secretory Protein ◽

Major Protein ◽

Healthy Donors ◽

Secretory Products ◽

Protein Components ◽

Human Cystic Echinococcosis

This study describes, for the first time, the characterization of excretory–secretory antigens (ES-Ag) from Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, evaluating their usefulness in the immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. ES-Ag were obtained from the first 50 h maintenance of protoscoleces in vitro. This preparation contained over 20 major protein components which could be distinguished by 1-dimensional SDS–PAGE with apparent masses between 9 and 300 kDa. The culture of of protoscoleces from liver produced a greater variety of excretory–secretory protein components than those from lung. Determination of enzymatic activities of secreted proteins revealed the presence of phosphatases, lipases and glucosidases, but no proteases. These findings were compared to those obtained from somatic extracts of protoscoleces and hydatid cyst fluid products. Immunochemical characterization was performed by immunoblotting with sera from individuals infected by cystic echinococcosis (n=15), non-hydatidic parasitoses (n=19), various liver diseases (n=24), lung neoplasia (n=16), and healthy donors (n=18). Antigens with apparent masses of 89, 74, 47/50, 32, and 20 kDa showed specificity for immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. The 89 and 74 kDa components corresponded to antigens not yet described in E. granulosus, whereas proteins of 41–43 kDa and 91–95 kDa were recognized by the majority of the non-hydatid sera studied.

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The optimum cut-off value to differentiate Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from other species of E. granulosus sensu lato using larval rostellar hook morphometry

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x13000473 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S.V. Soriano ◽

N.B. Pierangeli ◽

L.A. Pianciola ◽

M. Mazzeo ◽

L.E. Lazzarini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Control Strategies ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Field Studies ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Roc Curve Analysis ◽

First Time

AbstractCystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is one of the most important helminth zoonoses in the world; it affects both humans and livestock. The disease is endemic in Argentina and highly endemic in the province of Neuquén. Considerable genetic and phenotypic variation has been demonstrated in E. granulosus, and ten different genotypes (G1–G10) have been identified using molecular tools. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato may be considered a species complex, comprised of E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3), E. equinus (G4), E. ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6–G10). In endemic areas, the characterization of cystic echinococcosis molecular epidemiology is important in order to apply adequate control strategies. A cut-off value for larval large hook total length to distinguish E. granulosus sensu stricto isolates from those produced by other species of the complex was defined for the first time. Overall, 1780 larval hooks of 36 isolates obtained from sheep (n= 11, G1), goats (n= 10, G6), cattle (n= 5, G6) and pigs (n= 10, G7) were analysed. Validation against molecular genotyping as gold standard was carried out using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The optimum cut-off value was defined as 26.5 μm. The proposed method showed high sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (91.1%). Since in most endemic regions the molecular epidemiology of echinococcosis includes the coexistence of the widely distributed E. granulosus sensu stricto G1 strain and other species of the complex, this technique could be useful as a quick and economical tool for epidemiological and surveillance field studies, when fertile cysts are present.

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Vaccination of bovines against Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis)

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.073 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (20) ◽

pp. 3076-3081 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

David D. Heath ◽

Christine Robinson ◽

Trevor Shakes ◽

Yan Huang ◽

Tursun Gulnur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis

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Imported cystic echinococcosis in Spain: a systematic review

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1093/trstmh/trab022 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Zabala ◽

Fernando Salvador ◽

Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá ◽

Pau Bosch-Nicolau ◽

Laura Escolà-Vergé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Reporting System ◽

Neglected Tropical Disease ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Reporting Systems ◽

Imported Cases ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Lato

Abstract Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato). It is a neglected tropical disease with a global distribution, affecting an estimated 2–3 million people globally. Official reporting systems in Spain lack information concerning imported cases and their country of origin. Methods This is a systematic review of the literature that was performed to obtain published cases of immigrant patients diagnosed with CE in Spain. Results From the 21 included articles, a total of 84 cases of CE imported into Spain were documented from 1995 to 2018, with an average age of 33.2 years. The main countries of origin of the patients were Morocco with 30 cases (35.7%), Romania with 12 cases (14.3%) and Peru with 8 cases (9.5%). The most involved organ was the liver (28 cases [33.3%]). We found discrepancies between the published cases of imported CE in Spain and those reported by official authorities. Conclusions This review of the literature shows the lack of information and clarity in the mechanisms of CE notification in Spain. The disparity between these systems and the cases documented in the literature highlights a failure or shortcoming of the current reporting system.

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Two Dog-Related Infections Leading to Death: Overwhelming Capnocytophaga canimorsus Sepsis in a Patient With Cystic Echinococcosis

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina48020011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raimonda Matulionytė ◽

Ingrida Lisauskienė ◽

Gintautas Kėkštas ◽

Arvydas Ambrozaitis

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Capnocytophaga Canimorsus ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Oral Flora ◽

Recent Exposure ◽

The Family ◽

Fatal Sepsis

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a fastidious, capnophilic, fusiform, and filamentous gram-negative rod. It is part of the normal oral flora of dogs and cats and can cause an infection in humans, but is of generally low virulence in healthy individuals. A case of fatal sepsis due to Capnocytophaga canimorsus in a 46-year-old woman with clinically silent cystic echinococcosis discovered postmortem is present. She had been bitten by a dog 3 days before the symptoms appeared. The family had owned the dog for 4 years. A preliminary diagnosis of septic shock of unknown etiology with multisystem organ failure was established. Despite all the efforts, the patient died on the seventh day of hospitalization. Laboratory findings received postmortem showed Capnocytophaga canimorsus isolated from the blood culture after 7 incubation days. Autopsy showed a cyst in the liver with a fibrotic wall and necrotic eosinophilic interiors containing fragments of Echinococcus granulosus scolices. In conclusion, an interaction possibly established long ago between the host and Echinococcus granulosus conditioned immunosuppression mechanisms developed by the parasite in this case, which can explain such an aggressive course of the infection with Capnocytophaga. Two dog-related infections were fatal in the middle-aged dog owner considered healthy before this hospitalization. Vigilance concerning recent exposure to dogs or cats and potential immunosuppression risk factors must be maintained in a patient presenting with clinical features of fulminant sepsis.

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An Atypical Presentation of Cystic Echinococcosis

Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine ◽

10.5811/cpcem.2020.1.45842 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 164-166

Author(s):

Bhavana Tetali ◽

Daniel Grahf ◽

Elian Abou Asala ◽

Daniel Axelson

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Acute Onset ◽

Atypical Presentation ◽

Hepatic Lobe ◽

Secondary Lesion ◽

The Right

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an infection caused by the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. CE generally manifests in the liver, but it may present in any organ. These patients often first present to the emergency department. Mortality over 10 years is significant for those who go undiagnosed. We report the case of a 34-year-old patient who immigrated from Yemen six years earlier. She presented with acute onset dysuria, suprapubic pain, and fever. Imaging revealed a primary multicystic mass on the right renal pole with a secondary lesion in the right hepatic lobe. On further investigation, the patient’s serum was positive for echinococcus antibodies.

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Cystic Echinococcosis: Clinical, Immunological, and Biomolecular Evaluation of Patients from Sardinia (Italy)

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9110907 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 907

Author(s):

Cinzia Santucciu ◽

Piero Bonelli ◽

Angela Peruzzu ◽

Alessandro Fancellu ◽

Vincenzo Marras ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Biology ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Surgical Removal ◽

Neighbor Joining ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Lato

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a worldwide public health problem. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), associated with G1 and G3 genotypes, is endemic with high prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. The parasite’s life cycle comprises definitive hosts (canids) and intermediate hosts (ruminants) and can occasionally involve humans. The main aim of this research was to confirm the diagnosis of 13 patients suspected of CE who presented different complications and needed the surgical removal of the cysts. We also wanted to understand and clarify more the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans. For this purpose, the patients first underwent cyst evaluation by ultrasound (US), immunological analysis, and then total pericystectomy, followed by parasitological, histopathological, and molecular biology examinations of the cysts. US stadiated one CE1, one CE2, eight CE3b, one CE4, and two CE5; immunology evidenced nine positives; histopathology confirmed 11 CE cysts, of which 8 fertile presenting protoscoleces were identified as E. granulosus s.s. by molecular biology, genotyped as three G1 and four G3 by neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. In conclusion, the results showed that 11 patients were affected by E. granulosus s.s. G1 orG3, and 2 cystic neoformations were of non-parasitic origin.

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