Effects of cigarette smoking status on delay discounting in schizophrenia and healthy controls

Delay discounting and operant demand are two behavioral economic constructs that tend to covary, by degree, with cigarette smoking status. Given historically robust associations between adverse health outcomes of smoking, a strong preference for immediate reinforcement (measured with delay discounting), and excessive motivation to smoke cigarettes (measured with operant demand), researchers have made numerous attempts to attenuate the extent to which behaviors corresponding to these constructs acutely appear in smokers. One approach is episodic future thinking, which can reportedly increase the impact of future events on present decision making as well as reduce the reinforcing value of cigarettes. Graphic cigarette pack warning labels may also reduce smoking by increased future orientation. Experiment 1 evaluated the combined effects of episodic future thinking and graphic warning labels on delay discounting; Experiment 2 evaluated solely the effects of episodic future thinking on delay discounting and operant demand. We observed no statistically significant effects of episodic future thinking when combined with graphic warning labels or when assessed on its own. These results serve as a call for further research on the boundary conditions of experimental techniques reported to alter behaviors associated with cigarette smoking.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Associations between cigarette smoking status and colon cancer prognosis among participants in North Central Cancer Treatment Group Phase III Trial N0147.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.717996345.793485754 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Kellie Mathis

Keyword(s):

Colon Cancer ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Phase Iii ◽

North Central ◽

Phase Iii Trial

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Cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use among university students in Queensland, Australia and New Zealand: results of two cross-sectional surveys

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041705 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e041705

Author(s):

Ben Wamamili ◽

Sheleigh Lawler ◽

Mark Wallace-Bell ◽

Coral Gartner ◽

David Sellars ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

University Students ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Dual Use ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Free Spaces ◽

And Gender

ObjectivesExamine the patterns of cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use (vaping), the perceived harm of e-cigarettes compared with tobacco cigarettes, and associations between smoking and vaping with student characteristics.DesignCross-sectional studies.SettingThe University of Queensland (UQ), Australia and eight New Zealand (NZ) universities.ParticipantsStudents at UQ: 4957 (70.8% aged <25 years, 63.0% women) and NZ: 1854 (82.5% aged <25 years, 60.1% women).MethodsΧ2 tests compared smoking by age and gender, and vaping by age, gender and smoking status. Two-sided p<0.05 was considered significant and 95% CIs reported where appropriate. Multinomial logistic regression examined associations between smoking and vaping (exclusive smoking, exclusive vaping, dual use and non-use) with age, gender and student type (domestic vs international).ResultsSmoking (UQ vs NZ, 95% CI): ever 45.2% (43.8% to 46.6%) vs 50.0% (47.7% to 52.3%), current 8.9% (8.1% to 9.7%) vs 10.4% (9.1% to 11.9%) and daily 5.2% (4.6% to 5.8%) vs 5.6% (4.6% to 6.7%), and not smoking in indoor 98.3% vs 87.7% or outdoor smoke-free spaces 83.8% vs 65.3%.Vaping (UQ vs NZ, 95% CI): ever 20.9% (19.8% to 22.1%) vs 37.6% (35.4% to 39.9%), current 1.8% (1.5% to 2.2%) vs 6.5% (5.4% to 7.7%) and daily 0.7% (0.5% to 1.0%) vs 2.5% (1.9% to 3.4%), and not vaping in indoor 91.4% vs 79.6% or outdoor smoke-free spaces 84.4% vs 71.3%. Of respondents, 71.7% (70.3% to 73.2%) vs 75.3% (72.9% to 77.6%) perceived e-cigarettes as less harmful than tobacco cigarettes.Men were more likely than women to smoke and vape, and to believe that e-cigarettes are less harmful. Regression models containing all predictors for smoking and vaping were significant and the effect of gender was significant for dual use, exclusive smoking and exclusive vaping (all p<0.01). Men had higher odds for smoking, vaping or dual use.ConclusionsResults suggest significant differences in patterns of smoking and vaping of university students in Australia and NZ, and a strong influence of gender on smoking and vaping.

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Patterns of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine use among current cigarette smokers and recent quitters: Findings from the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntab040 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Li ◽

Ron Borland ◽

K Michael Cummings ◽

Shannon Gravely ◽

Anne C K Quah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Cigarette Tobacco ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Patterns Of Use ◽

Levels Of Use ◽

Current Cigarette

Abstract Introduction This study explores patterns of use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among adult cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers. Along with cigarette smoking status we explore differences as a function of countries with different product regulations, gender and age. Methods Data came from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 3 Survey conducted between February-June 2020. The analytic sample consisted of 9112 current cigarette smokers (at least monthly) and 1184 recent ex-smokers (quit cigarettes ≤ 2 years) from Australia, Canada, England, and the US. Respondents were asked about their cigarette smoking and current use of the following non-cigarette products: combustible tobacco (cigars, cigarillos, pipe, waterpipe); non-combustible tobacco (smokeless tobacco, and heated tobacco products (HTPs)); and non-tobacco nicotine products (nicotine vaping products (NVPs), nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and nicotine pouches)). Results Overall, NVPs (13.7%) and NRT (10.9%) were the most reported nicotine products used, followed by cigars (5.3%), cigarillos (4.2%), and HTPs (3.5%). More than 21% current and recent ex-smokers of cigarettes reported using a non-tobacco nicotine product and non-combustible product, with respondents in England reporting the highest levels of use (>26%). Males, younger respondents, and current non-daily cigarette smokers were more likely to use non-cigarette nicotine products. Notably, 11.6% of ex-cigarette smokers were using other combustible tobacco. Conclusion Considerable percentages of current cigarette smokers and ex-smokers use non-cigarette nicotine products, and there are unexpectedly high levels of use of other combustible products by those recent ex-smokers of cigarettes which is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Implications The tobacco product market has evolved to include new products which add to existing non-cigarette tobacco products creating a much more diverse nicotine market. This brief report provides a snapshot of use of various combustible and non-combustible nicotine containing products among current cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers in four western countries. Our results indicate that use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among these cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers is not low, particularly among males, younger and non-daily cigarette smokers. Use of other combustible tobacco among respondents that recently quit cigarette smoking is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Increased emphasis on researching non-cigarette nicotine product use is warranted in tobacco control generally and smoking cessation in particular.

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Smoking status and second-hand smoke biomarkers in COPD, asthma and healthy controls

ERJ Open Research ◽

10.1183/23120541.00192-2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 00192-2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matteo Bradicich ◽

Macé M. Schuurmans

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Second Hand Smoke ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Tobacco Exposure ◽

Urinary Cotinine ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

Shs Exposure

IntroductionTobacco smoke worsens COPD and asthma. For healthy individuals, quantifying active and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure clarifies the epidemiology of tobacco consumption and the efficacy of nonsmoking measures. Identifying tobacco exposure biomarkers and cut-offs might allow the creation of sensitive and specific tests.AimWe describe the state-of-the-art serum, urinary cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) cut-offs for assessing smoking status and SHS exposure in adult patients with COPD or asthma, and healthy controls.MethodologyAfter a keyword research in the PubMed database, we included papers reporting on the cut-offs of the investigated biomarkers in one of the populations of interest. Papers published before 2000, not in English, or reporting only data on nonadult subjects or on pregnant women were excluded from the analysis. 14 papers were included in the final analysis. We summarised diagnostic cut-offs for smoking status or SHS exposure in COPD, asthmatic and healthy control cohorts, reporting sensitivity and specificity when available.ConclusionSerum and urinary cotinine and exhaled CO are easy-to-standardise, affordable and objective tests for assessing smoking status and SHS exposure. Evidence on cut-offs with good sensitivity and specificity values is available mainly for healthy controls. For COPD and asthmatic patients, most of the currently available evidence focuses on exhaled CO, while studies on the use of cotinine with definite sensitivity and specificity values are still missing. Solid evidence on SHS exposure is available only for healthy controls. An integrated approach with a combination of these markers still needs evaluation.

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Preservation Effect: Cigarette Smoking Acts on the Dynamic of Influences Among Unifying Neuropsychiatric Triple Networks in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sby184 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 1242-1250 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Wei Liao ◽

Yun-Shuang Fan ◽

Siqi Yang ◽

Jiao Li ◽

Xujun Duan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Neural Pathways ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Causality Analysis ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Self Medication ◽

Granger Causality Analysis ◽

High Prevalence

Abstract Objective The high prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia (SZ) is generally explained by the self-medication theory. However, its neurobiological mechanism remains unclear. The impaired dynamic of influences among unifying neuropsychiatric triple networks in SZ, including the central executive network (CEN), the default mode network (DMN), and the salience network (SN), might explain the nature of their syndromes, whereas smoking could regulate the dynamics within networks. Therefore, this study examined whether cigarette smoking could elicit a distinct improvement in the dynamics of triple networks in SZ and associated with the alleviation of symptoms. Methods Four groups were recruited, namely, SZ smoking (n = 22)/nonsmoking (n = 25), and healthy controls smoking (n = 22)/nonsmoking (n = 21). All participants underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The dynamics among unifying neuropsychiatric triple networks were measured using Granger causality analysis on the resting-sate fMRI signal. Interaction effects between SZ and smoking on dynamics were detected using 2-way analysis of covariance, correcting for sex, age, and education level. Results Whereas smoking reduced SN→DMN dynamic in healthy controls, it preserved the dynamic in SZ, thus suggesting a preservation effect. Moreover, smoking additionally increased DMN→CEN dynamic in SZ. Conclusions This finding from neural pathways shed new insights into the prevailing self-medication hypothesis in SZ. More broadly, this study elaborates on the neurobiological dynamics that may assist in the treatment of the symptomatology of SZ.

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