Modelling 3D urine patch spread in grazed pasture soils to determine potential inhibitor effectiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 106809
Author(s):  
Donna Giltrap ◽  
Ben Jolly ◽  
Peter Bishop ◽  
Jiafa Luo ◽  
Geoff Bates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Inhibitor ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Urine Patch

The Challenge of the Urine Patch for Managing Nitrogen in Grazed Pasture Systems

2015 ◽  
pp. 229-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana R. Selbie ◽  
Laura E. Buckthought ◽  
Mark A. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Urine Patch

scholarly journals FUNGAL DISTRIBUTION AND LIVESTOCK DEFOLIATION PATTERNS IN PASTURE ECOSYSTEMS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF DIETARY-DEPENDENT DISORDERS

1986 ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Keogh
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Fungal Distribution ◽  
Facial Eczema ◽  
Urine Patch ◽  
Fungal Contaminants ◽  
And Control

The fungal saprophytes, Pithomyces chartorum and Fusorium culmorum, have similar distribution patterns in grazed-pasture ecosystems. Spore loads (and toxin levels) of each are highest at the base of pastures and rapidly decline up the profile. But variation is considerable from site to site within a pasture, with the highest levels associated with high N (viz: urine-patch) sites. In vegetative tillers of ryegrass the fungal endophyte, Acremonium lolii, has a similar vertical distribution pattern to the above-mentioned saprophytes, the greatest concentration being in the leaf sheath component in the pasture base. It also develops better within ryegrass at high N sites. Grazed-pastures are not uniformly defoliated by livestock during summer and autumn - urine-patch sites are grazed more frequently and intensively and dung-patch sites less frequently and intensively than the remainder of a pasture, especially when set-stocked. The close grazing which occurs at urine-patch sites, especially in grass-dominant pastures can, therefore, contribute disproportionately to the acquisition of fungal toxins by livestock. Observations of field outbreaks and results of grazing experiments show that the risk of outbreaks of ryegrass staggers in sheep is greater under set-stocking and during the latter stages of defoliation of a pasture in a rotational system. When necessary defoliation, especially at urinepatch sites, and hence acquisition of fungal contaminants (and toxins), can be controlled adequately by a rapid rotation in which stock are moved daily. Moving stock less frequently does not control defoliation or the development of dietary-dependent disorders. Keywords: Pasture fungi, saprophytes, ryegrass endophyte, distribution patterns, feeding behaviour, toxin acquisition, dietary-dependent disorders, facial eczema, ryegrass staggers, ill-thrift, infertility, grazing management and control.

scholarly journals The spatial coverage of dairy cattle urine patches in an intensively grazed pasture system

2010 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. MOIR ◽  
K. C. CAMERON ◽  
H. J. DI ◽  
U. FERTSAK
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Area Coverage ◽  
Patch Area ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Urine Patch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A New Technique

SUMMARYAccurate field data on the paddock area affected by cow urine depositions are critical to the estimation and modelling of nitrogen (N) losses and N management in grazed pasture systems. A new technique using survey-grade global positioning system (GPS) technology was developed to precisely measure the paddock spatial area coverage, diversity and distribution of dairy cattle urine patches in grazed paddocks over time. A 4-year study was conducted on the Lincoln University Dairy Farm (LUDF), Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2003 to 2007. Twelve field plots, each 100 m2 in area, were established on typical grazing areas of the farm. All urine and dung deposits within the plots were visually identified, the pasture response area (radius) measured and position marked with survey-grade GPS. The plots were grazed as part of the normal grazing rotation of the farm and urine and dung deposits measured at 12-week intervals. The data were collated using spatial (GIS) software and an assessment of annual urine patch coverage and spatial distribution was made. Grazing intensities ranged from 17 645 to 30 295 cow grazing h/ha/yr. Mean annual areas of urine patches ranged from 0·34 to 0·40 m2 (4-year mean 0·37±0·009 m2), with small but significant variation between years and seasons. Mean annual urine patch numbers were 6240±124 patches/ha/yr. The mean proportional area coverage for a single sampling event or season was 0·058 and the mean proportional annual urine patch coverage was 0·232±0·0071. There was a strong linear relationship between annual cow grazing h/ha and urine patch numbers/ha (R2=0·69) and also annual urine patch area coverage (R2=0·77). Within the stocking densities observed in this study, an annual increase of 10 000 cow grazing h/ha increased urine patch numbers by 1800 urine patches/ha/yr and annual urine patch area coverage by 0·07. This study presents new quantitative data on urine patch size, numbers and the spatial coverage of patches on a temporal basis.

In silico identification of potential inhibitor for TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

3 Biotech ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaishali Chandel ◽  
Prem Prakash Sharma ◽  
Seema A. Nayar ◽  
Niraj Kumar Jha ◽  
Saurabh Kumar Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Potential Inhibitor ◽  
In Silico Identification

Grazed pasture parameters. I. Pasture dry-matter production and availability in a stocking rate and grazing management experiment with dairy cows

1966 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Matter Production

1. Net pasture dry matter production and available pasture dry matter were measured over 3 years in a small-scale replica of the study of the effects of dairy cow grazing management and stocking rate reported by McMeekan & Walshe (1963).2. The four treatments were(i) Controlled rotational grazing, light stocking rate (0.95 cows/acre).(ii) Controlled rotational grazing, heavy stocking rate (1.19 cows/acre).(iii) Uncontrolled, set stocked grazing, light stocking rate (0.95 cows/acre).(iv) Uncontrolled, set stocked grazing, heavy stocking rate (1.19 cows/acre).3. The pasture measurement technique employed measured net pasture production (gains through new growth minus losses from all sources). It is argued that this parameter, rather than absolute pasture production, governs the changes in the dry matter feed supply to the grazing animal.

The proportion of deposited urine patch intercepted by a delayed inhibitor application

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Donna Giltrap ◽  
Nicolaas Portegys ◽  
Surinder Saggar ◽  
James Hanly
Keyword(s):  
Urine Patch

scholarly journals Toward the Identification of Potential α-Ketoamide Covalent Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Fragment-Based Drug Design and MM-PBSA Calculations

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A. El Hassab ◽  
Mohamed Fares ◽  
Mohammed K. Abdel-Hamid Amin ◽  
Sara T. Al-Rashood ◽  
Amal Alharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Design ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Binding Free Energy ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Active Site Residues ◽  
Structure Based Drug Design ◽  
Enzyme Active Site ◽  
Potential Inhibitor ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Covalent Docking

Since December 2019, the world has been facing the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that has infected more than 149 million and killed 3.1 million people by 27 April 2021, according to WHO statistics. Safety measures and precautions taken by many countries seem insufficient, especially with no specific approved drugs against the virus. This has created an urgent need to fast track the development of new medication against the virus in order to alleviate the problem and meet public expectations. The SARS-CoV-2 3CL main protease (Mpro) is one of the most attractive targets in the virus life cycle, which is responsible for the processing of the viral polyprotein and is a key for the ribosomal translation of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. In this work, we targeted this enzyme through a structure-based drug design (SBDD) protocol, which aimed at the design of a new potential inhibitor for Mpro. The protocol involves three major steps: fragment-based drug design (FBDD), covalent docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the calculation of the designed molecule binding free energy at a high level of theory. The FBDD step identified five molecular fragments, which were linked via a suitable carbon linker, to construct our designed compound RMH148. The mode of binding and initial interactions between RMH148 and the enzyme active site was established in the second step of our protocol via covalent docking. The final step involved the use of MD simulations to test for the stability of the docked RMH148 into the Mpro active site and included precise calculations for potential interactions with active site residues and binding free energies. The results introduced RMH148 as a potential inhibitor for the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme, which was able to achieve various interactions with the enzyme and forms a highly stable complex at the active site even better than the co-crystalized reference.

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