scholarly journals FUNGAL DISTRIBUTION AND LIVESTOCK DEFOLIATION PATTERNS IN PASTURE ECOSYSTEMS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF DIETARY-DEPENDENT DISORDERS

1986 ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Keogh
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Fungal Distribution ◽  
Facial Eczema ◽  
Urine Patch ◽  
Fungal Contaminants ◽  
And Control

The fungal saprophytes, Pithomyces chartorum and Fusorium culmorum, have similar distribution patterns in grazed-pasture ecosystems. Spore loads (and toxin levels) of each are highest at the base of pastures and rapidly decline up the profile. But variation is considerable from site to site within a pasture, with the highest levels associated with high N (viz: urine-patch) sites. In vegetative tillers of ryegrass the fungal endophyte, Acremonium lolii, has a similar vertical distribution pattern to the above-mentioned saprophytes, the greatest concentration being in the leaf sheath component in the pasture base. It also develops better within ryegrass at high N sites. Grazed-pastures are not uniformly defoliated by livestock during summer and autumn - urine-patch sites are grazed more frequently and intensively and dung-patch sites less frequently and intensively than the remainder of a pasture, especially when set-stocked. The close grazing which occurs at urine-patch sites, especially in grass-dominant pastures can, therefore, contribute disproportionately to the acquisition of fungal toxins by livestock. Observations of field outbreaks and results of grazing experiments show that the risk of outbreaks of ryegrass staggers in sheep is greater under set-stocking and during the latter stages of defoliation of a pasture in a rotational system. When necessary defoliation, especially at urinepatch sites, and hence acquisition of fungal contaminants (and toxins), can be controlled adequately by a rapid rotation in which stock are moved daily. Moving stock less frequently does not control defoliation or the development of dietary-dependent disorders. Keywords: Pasture fungi, saprophytes, ryegrass endophyte, distribution patterns, feeding behaviour, toxin acquisition, dietary-dependent disorders, facial eczema, ryegrass staggers, ill-thrift, infertility, grazing management and control.

scholarly journals Evolutionary trends in onshore-offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species (Scleractinia: Fungiidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert W. Hoeksema
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Species Association ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Coral Fauna ◽  
Mushroom Coral

A phylogenetically based comparative analysis of onshore-offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) was made to reconstruct an evolutionary scenario for differentiation in fungiid shelf habitats. This phyloecological study integrates data on fungiid distribution patterns along environmental gradients on the Spermonde Shelf, SW Sulawesi, with a recently published phylogeny reconstruction of the Fungiidae. A mushroom coral fauna of 34 species was used to compare their distributions by use of 50-m2 belt quadrats in transects (1) from the mainland to the shelf edge, (2) around reefs with regard to predominant wind directions, and (3) over bathymetrical reef zones. Species association ordinations were made for each of the four shelf zones using both abundance and incidence data to examine whether closely related species cooccurred. Some closely related species or even sister species appeared to show very similar distribution patterns and to coexist in high abundances. These results indicate that there may not be community saturation and competitive exclusion among mushroom corals species, most of which are free-living. In reconstructions of fungiid habitat evolution, offshore reef slopes appear to be original (ancestral), whereas onshore habitats, shallow reef flats, and deep sandy reef bases seem to be derived. The latter is in contrast with an earlier hypothesis, in which deep sandy substrates were considered ancestral mushroom coral habitats.

Effects of dry season supplements of protein and phosphorus to pregnant cows on the incidence of first post-partum oestrus

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (72) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Little
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
And Control

Pregnant multiparous Brahman cross cows grazing native pasture at Samford in south-east Queensland were allotted to three treatment groups in late winter; one group received a daily supplement of 180 g crude protein (as peanut meal) plus 10 g phosphorus (P), the second group 10 g P and the third (control) group neither protein nor P. The P and control groups received approximately 320 g DOM per day, mainly composed of sugar and grain, to balance the DOM provided to the protein + P group as peanut meal. Supplementation continued for a period approximately spanning the third to eighth months of gestation. The protein plus phosphorus supplement significantly reduced the interval from calving to first postpartum oestrus by 46 per cent; all animals in this group had exhibited oestrus within two months of calving. By three months after calving, only 50 per cent of controls and 70 per cent of those given phosphorus had exhibited oestrus. Calf growth was unaffected by the supplements. Samples of grazed pasture were collected using non-pregnant cows with oesophageal fistulae. The provision of P or P plus protein tended to render the animals less selective in their grazing. The evidence suggested that the higher feed requirements of the pregnant cows removed any possible effect of the supplements on their selectivity. Native pasture provided a slightly sub maintenance ration during the period of supplementation, and a major limiting nutrient appeared to be protein.

Localisation of two classes of acetylcholine receptor-like molecules in sperms of different animal species

Zygote ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Baccetti ◽  
A.G. Burrini ◽  
G. Collodel ◽  
C. Falugi ◽  
E. Moretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Nicotinic Receptors ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Immunogold Staining ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Transduction Mechanisms

SummaryThe distribution of different classes of acetylcholine (ACh) receptor-like molecules in sperms of different invertebrate and vertebrate species is described. ACh receptor molecules belong to one of two classes: muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), associated with signal transduction mechanisms in the inner domain of the cell, and nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), capable of opening Na+ channels when activated by the ligand. Molecules immunologically related to mAChRs and to ACh can be identified by specific antibodies, and revealed by immunofluorescent or immunogold staining; the nicotinic receptor-like molecules are localised as curare-sensitive affinity sites for α-bungarotoxin. In all species studied, both classes of receptors were found, with a similar distribution. Muscarinic-like molecules were found mainly in the sperm head regions of most species; such a localisation may be correlated to a function in sperm–egg interaction, for instance in the regulation of the block to polyspermy. Nicotinic-like molecules are present mainly in the tail and in the post-acrosomal region of most animals, thus confirming their function in the regulation of sperm propulsion, but are also present at the acrosomal region of most species. The distribution patterns of the different classes of molecules indicate that both may be in sperm–egg interactions, in addition to their known function in the regulation of sperm propulsion.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTENNAL SENSE ORGANS OF FEMALE CULICINE MOSQUITOES

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1258-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. McIver
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Culex Fatigans

AbstractThe type, number, and distribution of the antennal sense organs of female Culex territans Walker and Culex restuans (Theo.) were determined and compared to similar data on Culex pipiens L., Culex fatigans Wiedemann, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett. All types of sense organs have similar distribution patterns on the five species, but large differences in number occur. These differences are discussed with regard to the host preference of the mosquitoes.

Distribution patterns in the genus Peltigera Willd

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Martínez ◽  
Ana Rosa Burgaz ◽  
Orvo Vitikainen ◽  
Adrián Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Biogeographic Provinces ◽  
Floristic Elements ◽  
Clustering Approach ◽  
Holarctic Species

AbstractThe distribution of sixty-six Peltigera species in 230 biogeographic provinces or 40 regions are presented. A hierarchical clustering approach, used to identify clusters of species with similar distribution patterns (floristic elements), resolved four groups made up of Neotropical, Southern Hemisphere, Antarctic and mainly Holarctic species. The Holarctic Kingdom is species rich with the highest number of Peltigera species and also the highest number of endemic species; the Australian and Cape Kingdoms have the lowest number of species and endemics. The species rich provinces are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Identification of Best Surface Sterilization Treatment and Control of Endophytic Bacterial Contamination in Annona squamosa L.

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Dipal Minipara ◽  
Hareshkumar Dhaduk ◽  
Ghanshyam Patil ◽  
Subhash Narayanan ◽  
Sushil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Surface Sterilization ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Surface Contaminants ◽  
Mature Node ◽  
Fungal Contaminants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Culture Protocol

Surface sterilization is most important step in plant tissue culture protocol. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to eliminate microbial and fungal contaminants from the surface and interior of plant material, thus obtaining axenic culture with highest survival rate. Sequential surface sterilizations of hypocotyl, leaf, shoot tip and mature node were carried out to investigate its effectiveness in controlling surface contamination with satisfactory survival of explants. Combination of different surfactant were used for surface sterilization treatments. The least contamination was obtained when hypocotyl explants were treated with 200 ppm cefotaxime and 500 ppm carbendazim along with 0.1% HgCl2 with best survival percentage. Treatments consisting of alcohol treatment, carbendazim (2000 ppm) followed by 1000 ppm cefotaxime, 500 ppm kanamycin, 2% sodium hypochloride and 0.1% HgCl2 sequentially resulted in complete elimination of surface contaminants from shoot tip, soft node and hard node obtained from field grown mature tree. Optimal elimination of bioburden from young leaf (77.38%) were obtained using 1000 ppm carbendazim, 500 ppm cefotaxime, 500 ppm kanamycin and 0.1% HgCl2. Gentamicin used in the medium was able to control the endophytic bacterial bioburden completely in the first cycle of 15 days itself at higher concentration of 96 mol/l to remove endophytic bacterial contamination with out effecting plant growth.

scholarly journals Verticillium—Induced Scorch and Chlorosis in Ash

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Worf ◽  
R. N. Spear ◽  
M. F. Heimann
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intensive Sampling ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Light Green ◽  
Symptom Recurrence

Abstract Verticillium dahliae appears to be the causal agent of a common disorder of white and green ash that has increasingly affected nursery and landscape trees in the Upper Midwest. Affected trees are without wilting or vascular discoloration typical of Verticillium symptoms on other woody hosts, although upper branch and unilateral distribution patterns remain common and important clues. Symptoms include considerable light green to chlorotic foliage followed by irregular leaf scorch, defoliation and branch dieback. The fungus was best isolated from leaf petioles on potato dextrose agar containing 100 ppm iprodione + 200 ppm chloramphenicol. Repeated and intensive sampling was often necessary to detect the fungus. Symptom recurrence in following years was common but erratic and unpredictable. A discussion of environmental influences and control possibilities is included.

scholarly journals Interventional Effect of Nanosilver Paint on Fungal Load of Indoor Air in a Hospital Ward

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nasrin Rostami ◽  
Hossein Alidadi ◽  
Hossein Zarrinfar ◽  
Damon Ketabi ◽  
Hamed Tabesh
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Hospital Ward ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Active Sampling ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Control Rooms ◽  
Fungal Contaminants ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control

Hospital ward environments contain various types of microorganisms, in which fungal agents are one of the main contaminants that may cause hospital-acquired infections. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nanosilver paint on reducing fungal contaminants of indoor air in an educational, research, and treatment center. Two rooms in the hematology ward were selected. One room was painted using usual paint (control room) and the other room was painted with paint containing nanosilver particles (experimental room). One hundred and twelve samples were collected using active (Anderson BioSampler) and passive (settle plate or open plate) air sampling techniques. The samples were incubated for 3–7 days at 35°C, and the positive fungal cultures were examined according to morphological and microscopic characteristics. Following active sampling, the mean and standard deviation of the number of colony-forming units (CFU/m3) of fungi colonies in the experimental and control rooms were 29.21 ± 17.99 and 22.50 ± 10.02 before intervention and 13.79 ± 6.20 and 31.07 ± 21.1 after intervention, respectively. Following passive sampling, the number of CFU/plate in the experimental and control rooms was 6 and 0 before and 1and 1 after intervention, respectively. The use of the nanosilver paint was effective in reducing air fungal contamination. Moreover, the active sampling method was more sensitive to measuring the concentration changes for fungal bioaerosols.

The Challenge of the Urine Patch for Managing Nitrogen in Grazed Pasture Systems

2015 ◽  
pp. 229-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana R. Selbie ◽  
Laura E. Buckthought ◽  
Mark A. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Urine Patch

Epicuticular Waxes from Leaves and Stems of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider)

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 679-682
Author(s):  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz ◽  
Claudia Eich
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Branched Alkanes ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Epicuticular waxes were extracted with chloroform from air dried Jojoba leaves and stems. These cuticular waxes consisted of homologues of n-alkanes, branched alkanes, alkenes, wax esters, aldehydes, acetates, esters, free long chain fatty acids and alcohols. Both leaves and stems showed the same qualitative and quantitative composition with similar distribution patterns. Very long chain and in most cases saturated compounds are dominating. The composition of epicuticular waxes from Jojoba leaves and stems is quite different from that of Jojoba pericarp and seed coats and demonstrates an organ specific wax composition of different aerial parts of this plant.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document