scholarly journals The spatial coverage of dairy cattle urine patches in an intensively grazed pasture system

2010 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. MOIR ◽  
K. C. CAMERON ◽  
H. J. DI ◽  
U. FERTSAK
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Area Coverage ◽  
Patch Area ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Urine Patch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A New Technique

SUMMARYAccurate field data on the paddock area affected by cow urine depositions are critical to the estimation and modelling of nitrogen (N) losses and N management in grazed pasture systems. A new technique using survey-grade global positioning system (GPS) technology was developed to precisely measure the paddock spatial area coverage, diversity and distribution of dairy cattle urine patches in grazed paddocks over time. A 4-year study was conducted on the Lincoln University Dairy Farm (LUDF), Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2003 to 2007. Twelve field plots, each 100 m2 in area, were established on typical grazing areas of the farm. All urine and dung deposits within the plots were visually identified, the pasture response area (radius) measured and position marked with survey-grade GPS. The plots were grazed as part of the normal grazing rotation of the farm and urine and dung deposits measured at 12-week intervals. The data were collated using spatial (GIS) software and an assessment of annual urine patch coverage and spatial distribution was made. Grazing intensities ranged from 17 645 to 30 295 cow grazing h/ha/yr. Mean annual areas of urine patches ranged from 0·34 to 0·40 m2 (4-year mean 0·37±0·009 m2), with small but significant variation between years and seasons. Mean annual urine patch numbers were 6240±124 patches/ha/yr. The mean proportional area coverage for a single sampling event or season was 0·058 and the mean proportional annual urine patch coverage was 0·232±0·0071. There was a strong linear relationship between annual cow grazing h/ha and urine patch numbers/ha (R2=0·69) and also annual urine patch area coverage (R2=0·77). Within the stocking densities observed in this study, an annual increase of 10 000 cow grazing h/ha increased urine patch numbers by 1800 urine patches/ha/yr and annual urine patch area coverage by 0·07. This study presents new quantitative data on urine patch size, numbers and the spatial coverage of patches on a temporal basis.

EARLY RESULTS OF SINGLE-PORT LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY

2017 ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
Minh Duc Pham
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Appendectomy ◽  
Single Port ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Minimal Invasive ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Sils Port ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A New Technique

Background: Conventional three–port laparoscopic appendectomy is becoming popular for the treatment of acute appendicitis. In this report, we present the early results of a new technique of laparoscopic appendectomy conducted through a single-port. Patients and Methods: From March 2011 to October 2013, we have performed 86 operations Single Port Laparoscopic Appendectomy at Hue University Hospital and Hue Central Hospital. SILS Port (Covidien) is used, it can be performed with basic laparoscopic instruments. Results: In this study, 86 patients underwent Single-Port laparoscopic appendectomy, among them 52.33% were femele, 47.67% were male, female/male ratio was 1.09. The mean age was 33.09. An orther trocar insertion was required in 2 patients (2.33%). The mean operation time was 42.03 minutes and mean postoperative hospital stay 3.37 days. Postoperative complication occurred in 2 case (2.33%) was of omphalitis. During 2 weeks follow up, 2 case (2.33%) was of omphalitis. Conclusions: Single - port intracorporeal appendectomy is a safe, minimal invasive procedure with excellent cosmetic results. Key words: Single Port Laparoscopic Appendectomy, appendectomy

Association of Retained Fetal Membranes with Haematological Profile in Crossbred Cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rokde ◽  
S. Kumar ◽  
A. Bhardwaz ◽  
S. S. Mahour ◽  
S. P. Nema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eosinophil Count ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Monocyte Count ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Haematological Profile ◽  
The Mean

This study was carried out on clinical cases of retained fetal membranes in crossbred cows presented at College Clinics and College dairy farm and from Villages in and around Mhow. The blood samples were collected from jugular vein just before 12 hr. postpartum and on 7th day postpartum. Haematological profile revealed that the mean values of haemoglobin, neutrophil and monocyte count after 12 hrs and 7th day postpartum were significantly lower and lymphocyte count was significantly higher in RFM cows (n=18) than normally calved cows (n=6). The differences in mean TLC, eosinophil and basophil counts were non-significant at 12 hrs postpartum, however on 7th day postpartum the TLC and eosinophil count were significantly higher and basophil count was non-significantly different in RFM cows than the normally calved cows.

scholarly journals The implications of lag times between nitrate leaching losses and riverine loads for water quality policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McDowell ◽  
Z. P. Simpson ◽  
A. G. Ausseil ◽  
Z. Etheridge ◽  
R. Law
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Practice Change ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lag Times

AbstractUnderstanding the lag time between land management and impacts on riverine nitrate–nitrogen (N) loads is critical to understand when action to mitigate nitrate–N leaching losses from the soil profile may start improving water quality. These lags occur due to leaching of nitrate–N through the subsurface (soil and groundwater). Actions to mitigate nitrate–N losses have been mandated in New Zealand policy to start showing improvements in water quality within five years. We estimated annual rates of nitrate–N leaching and annual nitrate–N loads for 77 river catchments from 1990 to 2018. Lag times between these losses and riverine loads were determined for 34 catchments but could not be determined in other catchments because they exhibited little change in nitrate–N leaching losses or loads. Lag times varied from 1 to 12 years according to factors like catchment size (Strahler stream order and altitude) and slope. For eight catchments where additional isotope and modelling data were available, the mean transit time for surface water at baseflow to pass through the catchment was on average 2.1 years less than, and never greater than, the mean lag time for nitrate–N, inferring our lag time estimates were robust. The median lag time for nitrate–N across the 34 catchments was 4.5 years, meaning that nearly half of these catchments wouldn’t exhibit decreases in nitrate–N because of practice change within the five years outlined in policy.

scholarly journals Sea Topography of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas Using Repeated GNSS Measurements

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Sotiris Lycourghiotis
Keyword(s):  
Satellite System ◽  
Geoid Model ◽  
Sea Surface Topography ◽  
Mean Sea Surface ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Gnss Measurements ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Constant Slope ◽  
Ionian And Adriatic Seas

The mean sea surface topography of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas has been determined. This was based on six-months of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements which were performed on the Ionian Queen (a ship). The measurements were analyzed following a double-path methodology based on differential GNSS (D-GNSS) and precise point positioning (PPP) analysis. Numerical filtering techniques, multi-parametric accuracy analysis and a new technique for removing the meteorological tide factors were also used. Results were compared with the EGM96 geoid model. The calculated differences ranged between 0 and 48 cm. The error of the results was estimated to fall within 3.31 cm. The 3D image of the marine topography in the region shows a nearly constant slope of 4 cm/km in the N–S direction. Thus, the effectiveness of the approach “repeated GNSS measurements on the same route of a ship” developed in the context of “GNSS methods on floating means” has been demonstrated. The application of this approach using systematic multi-track recordings on conventional liner ships is very promising, as it may open possibilities for widespread use of the methodology across the world.

scholarly journals Functional and aesthetic outcomes of spreader graft and auto-spreader flap after nasal hump removal

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maged Baher Naguib ◽  
Mohamed Rifaat Ahmed ◽  
Yasser Taha Madian ◽  
Tarek Mohamady Elnahriry ◽  
Wael Elshahat Eldeeb
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Obstruction ◽  
Operative Time ◽  
Nasal Valve ◽  
Spreader Graft ◽  
Spreader Flap ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Nasal Valve Collapse ◽  
Duration Of Operation

Abstract Background Following the reduction of the nasal hump to a desired level, spreader grafts are usually positioned to prevent the complication of nasal valve collapse. Auto-spreader flap is a new technique that gained more popularity recently and can be used as an alternative to spreader graft. This RCCT compared between both techniques aesthetically and functionally as well as the operative time. Results Forty patients, 17 males (42.5%) and 23 females (57.5%), were included. The mean duration of operation in auto-spreader flap was 11.8 ± 3.4 min, while it was 19.2 ± 3.2 min in spreader graft. The difference between the two procedures was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Functional assessment of nasal obstruction was done for all patients in both groups preoperative that was (75.6 ± 19.9) which showed marked improvement when re-evaluated 3 moths postoperatively (18.9 ± 14.7), and after 6 months NOSE scale was (29.1 ± 20.2). The overall aesthetic satisfaction was 62.5% (25 of 40) irrespective of the surgery done. Sixteen out of 20 patients in spreader group and 9 out of 20 in auto-spreader flap group. Conclusion Auto-spreader flap and spreader graft are very effective surgical procedure for treatment of nasal obstruction due to internal nasal valve dysfunction, but the auto-spreader flap had shorter operative time. However, spreader graft has a superior aesthetic outcome.

A comparison of soil sampling procedures used to monitor soil fertility in permanent pastures

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Friesen ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Bray 1

Soil testing programs are often brought in disrepute by unexplained variability in the data. The deposition of dung and urine onto grazed pasture brings about marked variation in the chemical status of soils which contributes to this variability. A study was undertaken to compare a range of sampling procedures to estimate Colwell-P, Bray-1 P, bicarbonate K and pH levels in adjacent low and high P status paddocks. The sampling strategies used consisted of 75 by 50 m grids; whole and stratified paddock zig-zag and cluster (monitor plot) samplings. Soil test means for the various parameters did not vary among sampling methods. The number of grid samples required to estimate within 10% of the mean varied from 121 for Bray-1 P down to 1 for soil pH. Sampling efficiencies were higher for cluster sampling than for whole paddock zig-zag path sampling. Stratification generally did not improve sampling efficiency in these paddocks. Soil test means declined as sampling depth increased, but the coefficient of variation remained constant for Colwell-P and pH. The results indicate that cluster sampling (monitor plots) is the most appropriate procedure for estimating the nutrient status of grazed pastures. This sampling method enables a more accurate measure to be taken of the nutrient status of a paddock and should allow more reasonable estimates to be made of the temporal variations in soil test.

Matrixplasty for the Treatment of Severe Incurved Toenail with Growth Plate Deformity

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-204
Author(s):  
J.-Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Plate ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Partial Removal ◽  
Edge Angle ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Ingrown Toenails

Background: Severely incurved toenails are accompanied by deformity of the toenail growth plate. In such a condition, partial removal of the nail and nail bed and simple unfolding of the nail itself frequently result in the recurrence of symptoms. We sought to design and develop a new technique for the treatment of incurved toenail with growth plate deformity and to report the results of treating this disease entity. Methods: Forty consecutive patients (52 cases) underwent treatment of symptomatic incurved toenails with a new technique named matrixplasty. The mean ± SD patient age was 40.3 ± 18.9 years. Last follow-up was at a mean ± SD of 18.0 ± 1.3 months. An American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot hallux score was assigned, and patients were evaluated before treatment and at last follow-up. Patient satisfaction and the recurrence rate of the deformity were evaluated. For evaluation of improvement in toenail shape, the center to edge angle of the toenail was measured before treatment and at last follow-up. The complication rate was also evaluated. Results: All of the ingrown toenails healed, and the nail deformities were corrected within 3 weeks after the procedure. None of the incurved toenails had recurred by last follow-up. The mean pretreatment AOFAS forefoot hallux score was 72.9, and it improved to 99.6 by last follow-up (P &lt; .001). Every patient was very satisfied or satisfied with the results of treatment. The mean ± SD center to edge angle of the toenail improved from 53.3° ± 9.5° to 15.3° ± 5.2° by last follow-up (P &lt; .001). Minor paronychia, which was managed with local wound dressing and oral antibiotics, was identified in four cases. No other complication was identified. Conclusions: Matrixplasty showed excellent clinical results in the treatment of severe incurved toenail, and this newly developed procedure showed improvement of the deformed toenail and its growth plate. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(3): 198–204, 2012)

scholarly journals Major reproductive disorders on Jersey breed dairy cattle at Adea Berga dairy farm, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamirat Siyoum ◽  
Aster Yohannes ◽  
Yosef Shiferaw ◽  
Zerihun Asefa ◽  
Melese Eshete
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Reproductive Disorders

scholarly journals Coefficients of relationship and inbreeding among Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. VAHLSTEN ◽  
E. MÄNTYSAARI ◽  
I. STRANDÉN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Pedigree Data ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coefficient Of Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Friesian Cows

Pedigree data from national breeding value evaluations were used in calculation of the coefficient and rate of inbreeding, average coefficient and rate of relationship and generation intervals for the Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle populations. The data had 1,366,555 Ayrshire and 377,869 Holstein-Friesian animals. The mean coefficient of inbreeding for Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian animals born in the 1990s was 2.29% and 0.90%, respectively, and the trend was towards higher inbreeding values. The average coefficient of relationship, mean increase in inbreeding and generation interval was calculated for bulls born between 1976 and 1999, and for cows born between 1986 and 1999. The mean coefficient of relationship of Ayrshire bulls increased 2.22 %-units per generation and inbreeding increased 0.20 %-units per generation during the years studied. The mean coefficient of relationship of Finnish Holstein-Friesian bulls increased 0.96 %-units per generation and inbreeding 0.17 %-units per generation. The mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding of Ayrshire cows increased 0.38 %-units and 0.31 %-units per generation, respectively. For Holstein-Friesian cows the mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding increased 0.25 %-units and 0.11 %-units per generation, respectively. Results show that inbreeding is low and it is increasing slowly in both breeds. However, especially the coefficients of relationship of Ayrshire bulls are high in some age classes and this may lead into faster increase in coefficients of inbreeding.;

scholarly journals Foreign experience in the development of dairy cattle and directions of its use in domestic practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-46
Author(s):  
S. Shupyk
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
State Support ◽  
The Government ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

The article analyzes the support for the US market, where the government has allocated almost $ 22.2 billion for the development of dairy cattle. direct and indirect subsidies to the country's dairy sector (35.02 c/l), which is equivalent to 73% of farmers' milk sales, showed relatively high domestic support, export subsidies, conservation programs, risk management programs, disaster relief programs, loan programs, crop insurance, livestock support. Surveys to support the Indian market, which ranks second in the world in raw milk production (9.5%), have shown that almost 80% of small-scale farmers are small-scale farmers. Milk collection is carried out by 130 thousand dairy cooperatives. NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) under DEDS, provides for subsidies of up to 25% of costs. China is investing heavily in the construction of large dairy farms and livestock complexes with up to 100,000 cows. The Australian market produces 9.3 million tonnes of milk, of which 36% is exported and is the world's fourth exporter of dairy products (6% of the world market). Australia's dairy cattle are characterized by a small amount of direct government support. During 2015-2016, agriculture received financial and commercial assistance over $ 147 million. US in the form of payments to farms. It has been established that price forecasting plays an important role in regulating the milk market in Australia, on the basis of which the profile Ministry, taking into account world prices, generates milk price indices. Analysis of milk production in Switzerland has shown that it remains highly subsidized. In 2013, state support for milk producers amounted to CHF 1.8 billion, incl. direct subsidies are estimated at 1.5 billion Swiss francs, which is 61 thousand Swiss francs per dairy farm, or 0.41 Swiss francs per 1 liter of milk. The state support system for dairy cattle in Canada has been found to include the following instruments: import tariffs that restrict dairy imports; minimum guaranteed prices for raw milk that are set at the maximum amount of milk sold to the dairies within the quota; a system of direct payments to farmers for milk production within the quota. The amount of direct payments per 1 liter of milk is set annually by the government. In order to support Canadian producers in technological modernization aimed at improving the efficiency of milk production, a dairy farm investment program (DFIP) is implemented with state support of $ 250 million. USA According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Iceland, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, the level of support for dairy producers exceeds on average 70% of the gross income of farmers, in Canada, the EU, Hungary, Korea and the USA the amount of support is 40-55%. An analysis of the support for the development of dairy cattle in the EU countries showed that the following instruments are allocated for these purposes: production restrictions (milk production quotas); government interventions and storage; Establishment of product sales regulations / regulations; the dairy package (including regulating contractual relations in the dairy sector); foreign trade (import regulations, export subsidies); government subsidies. It is found that the main factor that increases the profitability of dairy production in developed countries is the improvement of quality and differentiation of the range. Major factors contributing to the successful development of dairy cattle are increased government support and economical use of resources. Also used are a set of financial incentives, including reducing the tax burden. Key words: Livestock, milk market, domestic support, development programs, cooperation, financial incentives, subsidies, import tariffs, quotas.

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