Medium-term dynamics of soil respiration in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem: The effects of burn severity, post-fire burnt-wood management, and slope-aspect

In 2018, an extreme drought affected large parts of Europe and led to the worst fire season in over a century in Sweden. We investigated the impacts of the Ljusdal fire, the largest fire complex that year, on soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes, nutrient concentrations and microclimate in a Scots pine forest. The measurements were conducted during the first growing season after the fire. In three separate analyses, we compared stands that differed in terms of burn severity (unburnt, low and high burn severity), salvage-logging (logged or unlogged) and stand age (young: 12 years old or mature: ~100 years old at the time of the fire).&#160;A mature stand affected by a high severity burn (100% tree mortality) had significantly lower soil respiration compared to a stand affected by a low severity burn (nearly 100% tree survival), but there was no difference in soil respiration between the low burn severity and unburn stands. These results indicate that autotrophic respiration plays a key role in determining post-fire soil respiration. After a high severity burn, salvage logging had no significant effects on forest soils compared to a stand where the dead trees had been left standing, although differences between these two stands are likely to become significant in the future. Stand age had a clear impact on most of the soil properties tested. Despite mean soil temperature being 5 &#176;C warmer at a young site compared to a mature site after a high severity burn, soil respiration was lower at the young site. The young site had been clear-cut and undergone soil scarification and replanting 12 years before the fire, which is likely to have contributed to the lower nutrient availability and thinner soil organic layer there compared to the mature site. Short return intervals between disturbances such as harvesting and wildfire that remove part of the soil organic layer can thus have significant and long-term impacts on nutrient cycling and carbon exchange in the boreal forest. The boreal forest is thus vulnerable to becoming a carbon source, especially in regions where climate change is increasing the frequency of high severity wildfire and commercial timber production is expanding.

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North American boreal forests are a large carbon source due to wildfires from 1986 to 2016

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87343-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bailu Zhao ◽

Qianlai Zhuang ◽

Narasinha Shurpali ◽

Kajar Köster ◽

Frank Berninger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Respiration ◽

Net Primary Production ◽

Net Ecosystem Production ◽

Ecosystem Dynamics ◽

Burn Severity ◽

Fire Emissions ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem Model ◽

C Balance ◽

Ecosystem Production ◽

The Impact

AbstractWildfires are a major disturbance to forest carbon (C) balance through both immediate combustion emissions and post-fire ecosystem dynamics. Here we used a process-based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to simulate C budget in Alaska and Canada during 1986–2016, as impacted by fire disturbances. We extracted the data of difference Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) for fires from Landsat TM/ETM imagery and estimated the proportion of vegetation and soil C combustion. We observed that the region was a C source of 2.74 Pg C during the 31-year period. The observed C loss, 57.1 Tg C year−1, was attributed to fire emissions, overwhelming the net ecosystem production (1.9 Tg C year−1) in the region. Our simulated direct emissions for Alaska and Canada are within the range of field measurements and other model estimates. As burn severity increased, combustion emission tended to switch from vegetation origin towards soil origin. When dNBR is below 300, fires increase soil temperature and decrease soil moisture and thus, enhance soil respiration. However, the post-fire soil respiration decreases for moderate or high burn severity. The proportion of post-fire soil emission in total emissions increased with burn severity. Net nitrogen mineralization gradually recovered after fire, enhancing net primary production. Net ecosystem production recovered fast under higher burn severities. The impact of fire disturbance on the C balance of northern ecosystems and the associated uncertainties can be better characterized with long-term, prior-, during- and post-disturbance data across the geospatial spectrum. Our findings suggest that the regional source of carbon to the atmosphere will persist if the observed forest wildfire occurrence and severity continues into the future.

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RTN-based Rolling Horizon Algorithms for Medium Term Scheduling of Multipurpose Plants

Computers & Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00190-7 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 21 (1-2) ◽

pp. S1061-S1066 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A Dimitriadis

Keyword(s):

Rolling Horizon ◽

Medium Term

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Medium Term Outcome of LINAC-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas with Marginal Dose of 12.5 Gy

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B Skull Base ◽

10.1055/s-0032-1314126 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 73 (S 02) ◽

Author(s):

J. Ellenbogen ◽

A. Kinshuck ◽

M. Jenkinson ◽

T. Lesser ◽

D. Husband ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stereotactic Radiosurgery ◽

Vestibular Schwannomas ◽

Medium Term ◽

Term Outcome

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Surgical cryoablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in 252 Patients. Early experience and medium-term follow-up

The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon ◽

10.1055/s-2005-861892 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (S 01) ◽

Author(s):

N Doll ◽

T Walther ◽

V Falk ◽

H Bittner ◽

A Rastan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Early Experience ◽

Medium Term

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China und Lateinamerika

PROKLA Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft ◽

10.32387/prokla.v36i142.574 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (142) ◽

pp. 113-126

Author(s):

Enrique Dussel Peters

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

World Market ◽

Global Integration ◽

Integration Process ◽

Medium Term ◽

The World ◽

New Challenges

China's socioeconomic accumulation in the last 30 years has been probably one of the most outstanding global developments and has resulted in massive new challenges for core and periphery countries. The article examines how China's rapid and massive integration to the world market has posed new challenges for countries such as Mexico - and most of Latin America - as a result of China's successful exportoriented industrialization. China's accumulation and global integration process does, however, not only question and challenges the export-possibilities in the periphery, but also the global inability to provide energy in the medium term.

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Is money the creation of the state or the market? (On the “modern monetary theory” as described in the textbook by W. Mitchell, L. R. Wray and M. Watts “Macroeconomics”)

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2020-6-121-134 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 121-134

Author(s):

S. A. Andryushin

Keyword(s):

Public Debt ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Full Employment ◽

Term Effect ◽

Scientific Concept ◽

Monetary Theory ◽

Left Wing ◽

Medium Term ◽

Short Term ◽

Stimulation Of

In 2019, a textbook “Macroeconomics” was published in London, on the pages of which the authors presented a new monetary doctrine — Modern Monetary Theory, MMT, — an unorthodox concept based on the postulates of Post-Keynesianism, New Institutionalism, and the theory of Marxism. The attitude to this scientific concept in the scientific community is ambiguous. A smaller part of scientists actively support this doctrine, which is directly related to state monetary and fiscal stimulation of full employment, public debt servicing and economic growth. Others, the majority of economists, on the contrary, strongly criticize MMT, arguing that the new theory hides simple left-wing populism, designed for a temporary and short-term effect. This article considers the origins and the main provisions of MMT, its discussions with the mainstream, criticism of the basic tenets of MMT, and also assesses possible prospects for the development of MMT in the medium term.

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