scholarly journals Methods for county-level estimation of pre-exposure prophylaxis coverage and application to the U.S. Ending the HIV Epidemic jurisdictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 16-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Sullivan ◽  
Farah Mouhanna ◽  
Robertino Mera ◽  
Elizabeth Pembleton ◽  
Amanda D. Castel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
County Level ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Timing of social distancing policies and COVID-19 mortality: county-level evidence from the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes ◽  
Neeraj Kaushal ◽  
Ashley N. Muchow
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractUsing county-level data on COVID-19 mortality and infections, along with county-level information on the adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), we examine how the speed of NPI adoption affected COVID-19 mortality in the United States. Our estimates suggest that adopting safer-at-home orders or non-essential business closures 1 day before infections double can curtail the COVID-19 death rate by 1.9%. This finding proves robust to alternative measures of NPI adoption speed, model specifications that control for testing, other NPIs, and mobility and across various samples (national, the Northeast, excluding New York, and excluding the Northeast). We also find that the adoption speed of NPIs is associated with lower infections and is unrelated to non-COVID deaths, suggesting these measures slowed contagion. Finally, NPI adoption speed appears to have been less effective in Republican counties, suggesting that political ideology might have compromised their efficacy.

scholarly journals Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Infection in Cisgender and Transgender Women in the U.S.: A Narrative Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleta Baldwin ◽  
Brenda Light ◽  
Waridibo E. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The U.S

AbstractUsing a socioecological approach, this review describes the peer-reviewed literature on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among both cisgender (cis women) and transgender women (trans women) in the U.S. A search of the PubMed database and HIV-related conference abstracts generated over 2,200 articles and abstracts. Of these, 103 fulfilled review inclusion criteria. Most of the existing research presents findings on individual-level factors associated with PrEP use such as willingness and perceived barriers. There was far less investigation of factors related to PrEP at more distal ecological levels. Though trans women are at greater risk of HIV infection than cisgender women, less is known about this population group with respect to PrEP despite their inclusion in many major clinical trials. Further, the literature is characterized by a persistent conflation of sex and gender which makes it difficult to accurately assess the reviewed research on HIV prevention and PrEP apart from risk group. Informed by these findings, we highlight specific opportunities to improve access to PrEP and reduce socioecological barriers to PrEP care engagement for cisgender and transgender women.

Disproportionately Overrepresented: Women in Local Elected Offices

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan M. Bernick ◽  
Brianne Heidbreder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
National Association ◽  
County Level ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

This research examines the position of county clerk, where women are numerically disproportionately over-represented. Using data collected from the National Association of Counties and the U.S. Census Bureau, the models estimate the correlation between the county clerk’s sex and county-level demographic, social, and political factors with maximum likelihood logit estimates. This research suggests that while women are better represented in the office of county clerk across the United States, when compared to other elective offices, this representation may be because this office is not seen as attractive to men and its responsibilities fit within the construct of traditional gender norms.

AHEAD: a data resource to support the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the US Initiative (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Sullivan ◽  
Cory R Woodyatt ◽  
Oskian Kouzouian ◽  
Kristen Parrish ◽  
Jennifer Taussig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Indicator Data ◽  
The U.S

UNSTRUCTURED Objectives: America’s HIV Epidemic Analysis Dashboard (AHEAD) is a data visualization tool that displays relevant data on the 6 HIV indicators provided by CDC that can be used to monitor progress towards ending the HIV epidemic in local communities across the U.S. The objective of AHEAD is to make data available to stakeholders that can be used to measure national and local progress towards 2025 and 2030 Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. (EHE) goals and to help jurisdictions make local decisions that are grounded in high-quality data. Methods: AHEAD displays data from public health data systems (e.g., surveillance systems, Census data), organized around the six EHE indicators (incidence, knowledge of status, diagnoses, linkage to HIV medical care, viral suppression, and PrEP coverage). Data are displayed for each of the EHE priority areas (48 counties Washington, D.C. and San Juan, PR) which accounted for more than 50% of all U.S. HIV diagnoses in 2016 and 2017 and seven primarily Southern states with high rates of HIV in rural communities. AHEAD also displays data for the 43 remaining states for which data are available. Data features prioritize interactive data-visualization tools that allow users to compare indicator data stratified by sex at birth, race, age, and transmission category within a jurisdiction (when available) or compare data on EHE indicators between jurisdictions. Results: AHEAD was launched on August 14, 2020. In the 11 months since its launch, the Dashboard has been visited 26,591 times by 17,600 unique users. About a third of all users returned to the Dashboard at least once. On average, users engaged with 2.4 pages during their visit to the Dashboard, indicating that the average user goes beyond the informational landing page to engage with one or more pages of data and content. The most frequently visited content pages are the Jurisdictions webpages. Conclusions: The Ending the HIV Epidemic plan is described as a “whole of society” effort. Societal public health initiatives require objective indicators and require that all societal stakeholders have transparent access to indicator data at the level of the health jurisdictions responsible for meeting the goals of the plan. Data transparency empowers local stakeholders to track movement towards EHE goals, identify areas with needs for improvement, make data-informed adjustments to deploy the expertise and resources required to locally tailor and implement strategies to end the HIV epidemic in their jurisdiction.

Understanding Michigan's Electoral Competitiveness: Swing Counties 1976-2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-201
Author(s):  
JOHN S. KLEMANSKI ◽  
DAVID A. DULIO ◽  
DOUGLAS A. CARR
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
County Level ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Gubernatorial Election ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Electoral Competitiveness

ABSTRACT Considerable media attention was given to the so-called “pivot counties” in the U.S. and in Michigan that flipped from supporting Barack Obama twice to voting for Donald Trump in 2016. We first summarize theories of voting behavior and speculate about why Michigan has been consistently competitive over the years. We explore 40 years' worth of county-level presidential and gubernatorial election results in Michigan to determine how frequently counties have flipped across a large number of elections. We find that a number of Michigan counties frequently flip between elections, but the number of competitive Michigan counties has substantially declined in recent decades. Turnout in larger counties can affect election outcomes, and large counties that swing have been key bellwethers in past elections, and should be a major focus of research on future elections in Michigan.

scholarly journals The Potential Impact of Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention in South Africa: A Mathematical Modeling Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A Smith ◽  
Geoffrey P Garnett ◽  
Timothy B Hallett
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Phase Iii Trials ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Although effective, some oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users face barriers to adherence using daily pills, which could be reduced by long-acting formulations. Long-acting cabotegravir (CAB LA) is a potential new injectable formulation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) PrEP being tested in phase III trials. Methods We use a mathematical model of the HIV epidemic in South Africa to simulate CAB LA uptake by population groups with different levels of HIV risk. We compare the trajectory of the HIV epidemic until 2050 with and without CAB LA to estimate the impact of the intervention. Results Delivering CAB LA to 10% of the adult population could avert more than 15% of new infections from 2023 to 2050. The impact would be lower but more efficient if delivered to populations at higher HIV risk: 127 person-years of CAB LA use would be required to avert one HIV infection within 5 years if used by all adults and 47 person-years if used only by the highest risk women. Conclusions If efficacious, a CAB LA intervention could have a substantial impact on the course of the HIV epidemic in South Africa. Uptake by those at the highest risk of infection, particularly young women, could improve the efficiency of any intervention.

Data-Driven Goals for Curbing the U.S. HIV Epidemic by 2030

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Bradley ◽  
Eli S. Rosenberg ◽  
David R. Holtgrave
Keyword(s):  
Data Driven ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
The U.S
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